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Mitochondria Dysfunction
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Mitochondrial dysfunction
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Defect in the Na/K ATPase
elevated level of Ca
lose ability to regulate Ca levels
excitatory
ATP
affect neurotransmitters secretion
NS
refractory
Depression and manic episodes
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Neurotransmitters
manic episodes symptoms:
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energy and activity
high or euphoric
manic episodes
sleep or no sleep
delusions, and hallucinations
poor appetite
Depression episodes
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Bipolar Disorder causes :
BD symptoms:
Neurotransmitters
depressive symptoms:
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oxidative stress
mitochondria dysfunction
Oxidative stress
feeling sad
sleep problems
Dopamine
seretonin
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energy and feeling exhausted
feelings of guilt
Neurotransmitters
Possible Causes of Bipolar disorder:
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suicidal thoughts
problems concentrating
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physical illness
Depression and manic episodes
Genatics
Triggers
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overwhelming problems
stress
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oxidative stress
decrease oxidative stress by decreasing free redicals
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it can stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis as the cells adapt to the increased demand for energy production from fatty acids and ketones.
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Increase in mitochondria mass
there is a 50% increase in the total number of mitochondria in the hippocampus, resulting in more brain ATP.
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Dopamine
Serotonin
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fat
from 20 - 35%
to 70-80%
from 45 - 65%
to 5 - 10%
Carbohydrates
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The ketogenic diet has been linked to increased mitochondria biogenesis, which plays a crucial role in cell energy production and overall health, decreasing oxidative stress, decreasing dopamine, increasing serotonin,and GABA levels causing lower depression and manic episodes in Bipolar Disorder.
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read more about BD and KD
read about BD and Vitamin D and Omega-3
read about other psychological disorder and the nutrition interventions
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Dietch DM, Kerr-Gaffney J, Hockey M, et al. Efficacy of low carbohydrate and ketogenic diets in treating mood and anxiety disorders: systematic review and implications for clinical practice. BJPsych Open. 2023;9(3):e70. doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.36
Bohnen JLB, Wigstrom TP, Griggs AM, Roytman S, Paalanen RR, Andrews HA, Bohnen NI, Franklin JJH, McInnis MG. Ketogenic-Mimicking Diet as a Therapeutic Modality for Bipolar Disorder: Biomechanistic Rationale and Protocol for a Pilot Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2023 Jul 7;15(13):3068. doi: 10.3390/nu15133068. PMID: 37447394; PMCID: PMC10346691.
Sethi S, Wakeham D, Ketter T, Hooshmand F et al. Ketogenic diet intervention on metabolic and psychiatric health in bipolar and schizophrenia: A pilot trial. Psy. Res. 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115866
Brietzke, E., Mansur, R. B., Subramaniapillai, M., Balanzá-Martínez, V., Vinberg, M., González-Pinto, A., Rosenblat, J. D., Ho, R., & McIntyre, R. S. (2018).
Campbell I, Campbell H. Ketosis and bipolar disorder: controlled analytic study of online reports. BJPsych Open. 2019;5(4).
Dhillon KK, Gupta S. Biochemistry, Ketogenesis. 2023 Feb 6. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. PMID: 29630231.
Jensen NJ, Wodschow HZ, Nilsson M, Rungby J. Effects of Ketone Bodies on Brain Metabolism and Function in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov 20;21(22):8767. doi: 10.3390/ijms21228767. PMID: 33233502; PMCID: PMC7699472.
Saraga M, Misson N, Cattani E. Ketogenic diet in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2020 Nov;22(7):765. doi: 10.1111/bdi.13013. Epub 2020 Oct 16. PMID: 33021024.
Tondo L, Vázquez GH, Baldessarini RJ. Depression and Mania in Bipolar Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017 Apr;15(3):353-358. doi: 10.2174/1570159X14666160606210811. PMID: 28503106; PMCID: PMC5405618.
Chmiel I. Ketogenic diet in therapy of bipolar affective disorder - case report and literature review. Psychiatr Pol. 2022 Dec 31;56(6):1345-1363. English, Polish. doi: 10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/136356. Epub 2022 Dec 31. PMID: 37098202.
Needham N, Campbell IH, Grossi H, Kamenska I, Rigby BP, Simpson SA, McIntosh E, Bahuguna P, Meadowcroft B, Creasy F, Mitchell-Grigorjeva M, Norrie J, Thompson G, Gibbs MC, McLellan A, Fisher C, Moses T, Burgess K, Brown R, Thrippleton MJ, Campbell H, Smith DJ. Pilot study of a ketogenic diet in bipolar disorder. BJPsych Open. 2023 Oct 10;9(6):e176. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2023.568. PMID: 37814952; PMCID: PMC10594182.
Choi J, Kang J, Kim T, Nehs CJ. Sleep, mood disorders, and the ketogenic diet: potential therapeutic targets for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry. 2024 Feb 14;15:1358578. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1358578. PMID: 38419903; PMCID: PMC10899493.