Review of Modified culture media usese for isolated general bacteria from bile ducts

The bile duct plays a critical role in the human body's digestive system,

facilitating the transport of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small

intestine. Bile aids in the digestion of fats and fat-soluble vitamins, helping to

break down food and absorb essential nutrients. Without the proper functioning

of the bile duct, individuals can develop a range of health issues, including

gallstones, bile duct obstructions, and biliary tract infections.

modified media of bacteria have played a crucial role in scientific research and various industries. The historical context of this technology can be traced back to the pioneering work of scientists such as Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. The impact of modified media of bacteria is evident in biotechnology, food science, and medicine, where they are used to produce valuable compounds, enhance food products, and develop new therapies.

Aim of the study

1- Study of a variety of artificially modified media.

2- Detecting basic elements for the purpose of obtaining new modified media.

3- Study of bacteria isolated from the bile duct for the purpose of diagnosis

and identification

Many enteric bacteria have developed methods of tolerating

bile stress, with some pathogens, such as C. jejuni and Salmonella enterica, even

able to withstand the high concentrations of bile salts found in the gallbladder. S.

enterica is able to colonise the human gall bladder causing repeated release of the

pathogen into the lumen of the small intestine to cause chronic infection

(Urdaneta and Casadesús, 2017).

One of the key advantages of using modified media of bacteria is the ability to

control the growth conditions and study the physiology of bacteria. By

manipulating the composition of the media, researchers can mimic the natural

environment of bacteria and investigate their metabolic pathways, gene

expression, and virulence factors. This knowledge is essential for understanding

the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and developing new treatments .

Many enteric bacteria have developed methods of tolerating

bile stress, with some pathogens, such as C. jejuni and Salmonella enterica, even

able to withstand the high concentrations of bile salts found in the gallbladder. S.

enterica is able to colonise the human gall bladder causing repeated release of the pathogen into the lumen of the small intestine to cause chronic infection

(Urdaneta and Casadesús, 2017).

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Review of Modified culture media usese

for isolated general bacteria from bile

ducts

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Bacteria isolated from the bile duct

By Students

Karrar Ahmed Dahi

Karrar Malik Tahr

Kawthar Rakb Dahr

Supervisor

Dr. lamyaa Yousif Radhi

Bile in the gallbladder is usually sterile due to a number of factors including continuous antegrade bile flow toward the duodenum, protective effect of the sphincter of Oddi, bacteriostatic biliary salts and secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) of the bile . The primary mechanism of biliary infection by which microflora enter the bile are thought to be ascending infection from the duodenum due to reflux of contents, blood borne infection and infection spread through the portal-venous channels and indicate the presence of microflora in 20% - 46% of the patients .

Modified media

Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from the Bile

Campylobacter jejuni is a small, slender, gram-negative, curved rod which causes acute gastroenteritis and extraintestinal infections in humans . The characteristics of Campylobacter enteritis are fever, bloody diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

Aerobic bacterial infection is the most common with gram negative preponderance while viral, fungal agents and anaerobic bacteria are uncommon causative agents . Monomicrobial growths are more frequent in comparison with polymicrobial cultures . The most commonly isolated aerobic bacteria from culture of bile have shown principally Escherichia Pseudomonas spp. , Acinetobacter spp. Klebsiella spp. Staphylococcus aureus , Enteroccocus spp , Citrobacter spp , Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi . B -glucuronidase producing anaerobes especially Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium perfringens are recovered in both acutely inflamed and chronically inflamed biliary systems .

Isolation can be achieved by

(i) using selective plating media,

(ii) incubation in a microaerophilic atmosphere,

(iii) using an incubation temperature of 42°C.

All plates incubated aerobically were sterile after 24 and 48 h. Colonies appeared on the plates incubated in C02 and anaerobically which were identified as C. jejuni

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is an extreme example of bile-resistant pathogen involving several strategies - invasion of the gallbladder epithelium, escaping from the extremely high concentrations of bile salts and formation of bile inducing biofilms on gallstones in gallbladder lumen. In general, 2-5% of all individuals who develop clinical or subclinical infection with S. Typhi become chronic gallbladder carriers which the development of gallbladder cancer as the worst complication