Introducing
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Objectives
After reading this presentation, participants will:
Was born in Ohio in 1924
1947- Diploma: Registered Nurse
Peoples Hospital School
Akron, Ohio
1957- Masters of Science in Mental Health
University of California
Los Angeles, California
1985- Ph D. in Clinical Psychology
Encino, California.
(Bushra, 2018)
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1970- Neuman first developed the Systems Model as a teaching tool for students at UCLA.
1972- Neuman's Model was first published.
1982- The first edition of The Neuman Systems Model: Application to Nursing Education and Practice was published.
1989, 1995, 2002, & 2011- The model was further developed and revised.
(Raile-Alligood, 2014)
Neuman drew from several exsisting models and theories to create and develop her own
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(Raile-Alligood, 2014)
A system is open when there is continuous flow of input and process, output, and feedback. Stress and reaction to stress are basic components of an open system (Raile-Alligood, 2014).
Stressors are tension-producing stimuli that have the potential to disrupt system stability, leading to an outcome that may be positive or negative(Raile-Alligood, 2014). Stressors can be intrapersonal, interpersonal or extrapersonal.
Intrapersonal forces occurring within the individual, such as conditioning responses.
Raile-Alligood, 2014
Interpersonal forces occurring between one or more individuals, such as role expectations
Raile-Alligood, 2014
Extrapersonal forces occurring outside the individual, such as financial circumstances.
Raile-Alligood, 2014
The conceptual model diagram was developed to explain the client-client system as an individual person for the discipline of nursing
Using nursing's Metaparadigm along with general systems theory helps identify this model as a holistic and useful approach to nursing care (Neuman, 1982).
Retrieved from https://www.imagenesmy.com/imagenes/betty-neuman-model-diagram-7e.html
(Smith, 2015,Raile-Alligood, 2014).
(Zakieh & Tabandeh, 2017)
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o Basic Structure:
The core of the system represents the basic survival factors common to the human being, such as innate or genetic features.
o Lines of resistance:
The lines of resistance help clients defend themselves from stressors. They serve as protection factors that are activated by stressors penetrating the normal line of defense.
o Normal line of defense:
It represents the adaptational level of health developed over the course of time and serves as a standard by which to measure wellness deviation, in other words it’s the level of acceptable wellness as determined by the client.
o Flexible line of defense:
This line represents a protective buffer for preventing stressors from breaking through the usual wellness state as represented by the normal line of defense.
(Raile-Alligood, 2014)
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The environment is broadly defined by Neuman as all internal and external factors or influences surrounding the identified client or client system (Smith, 2015), she identifies three relevant environments: internal, external, and created environments.
Consists of all forces or interactive influences contained within the boundaries of the client, for example age, values, range of body function (Smith & Parker, 2015).
Consists of all forces existing outside of the client, for example the relationship with family, finances, employment (Smith & Parker, 2015).
Created environment is unconsciously developed and is used by the client to support protective coping (Zakieh & Tabandeh, 2017), denial is an example of a created environment.
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According to Neuman health is a continuum of wellness to illness that is dynamic in nature and is constantly changing , health is equated with optimal system stability, the degree of wellness depends on the amount of energy required to return and maintain system stability (Smith, 2015). A reduced state of wellness is the result of unmet systemic needs.
(Smith, 2015,Raile-Alligood, 2014).
Optimal wellness exists when the total system needs are completely met (Zakieh & Tabandeh, 2017).
Illness represents a state of instability and energy depletion (Zakieh & Tabandeh, 2017).
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(Raile-Alligood, 2014, Zakieh & Tabandeh, 2017)
Primary: The primary prevention takes place even before the client system can respond to a stressor; its purpose is to reduce the possibility of encountering a stressor.
Secondary: This prevention happens once a stressor as occurred, and there are signs of illness.
Tertiary: Tertiary prevention strategies are instituted through support and education so that the client can readapt and resume the road to healthy functioning.
(Ume-Nwagbo, DeWan, & Lowry, 2006, Zakieh & Tabandeh, 2017)
Nursing Diagnosis
Variables
Nursing
Goals
Levels
of
Prevention
Interventions
Nursing Outcomes
Evaluation
In order to make a nursing diagnosis nurses must collect comprehensive and holistic data, they must consider all the variables, determine the environmental stressors, and validate the data collected.
(Bushra , 2018)
Nursing goal refers to the expected outcomes or the planned interventions determined by the nurse, both the client and the nurse need to agree on the goal and intervention, this will help achieve patient wellness.
(Bushra , 2018., Zakieh & Tabandeh, 2017)
Refers to the evaluation of the goals and interventions, by analyzing the clients response, determining if the set goals are attained, and reformulating goals if needed.
(Bushra , 2018., Zakieh & Tabandeh, 2017)
Theory critiques
(Haggart, 1993)
References
Bushra, S. (2018). Application of the Betty Neuman theory in care of stroke patient. Annals of Nursig and Practice, 5(1), 1-4.
Haggart, M. (1993). A critical analysis of Neuman's systems model in relation to public health nursing. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 18, 1917-1922.
Hayden, S. (2012). The NeumanSystemsModel (5th ed.). By B.Neuman and J.Fawcett (Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson, 2011). Nursing Science Quarterly, 25(4), pp. 378-380. doi:10.1177/0894318412457067
Neuman, B. (1982). The NeumanSystems Model: Application to nusring education and practice. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Raile-Alligood, M. (2014). Nursing Theorists and Their Work (eighth ed.). St-Louis, Missouri: Elsevier, Mosby.
Smith, M. C., & Parker, M. E. (2015). Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice (Fourth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A.Davis Company.
Ume-Nwagbo, P. N., DeWan, S. A., & Lowry, L. W. (2006). Using the Neuman Systems Model for Best Practices. Nursing Science Quarterly, 19(1), pp. 31-35. doi:10.1177/0894318405284125
Yarcheski, T. j., Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, A., & Hanks, M. M. (2010). Perceived stress and wellness in early adolescents using the Neuman Systems Model. The Journal of School of Nursing, 26(3), 230-237. doi:10.1177/1059840509358073
Zakieh, A., & Tabandeh, S. (2017, July-September). Application of the Betty Neuman Systems Model in nursing care of patients/clients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 1-8. doi:10.1177/205521737726798