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Toxoplasma Gondii
Toxoplama Gondii
Created By Thomas Francisco
Introduction to Toxoplasma Gondii.
Toxplasma Gondii
A parasite that most affects most
-ly warm blooded animals. A good
amount of people with said parasite don't experience symptoms due to the immune system combatting the disease. This diease is called Toxoplasmosis. Most of the time it also become dormant in the victim. (Human)
History of the Disease
Discovery
It was found by scientists in Brazil and North Africa. Multiple names are attributed (and debated) to who first founded the disease. Robert Kouch and Louis Pasteur did in the 20th century. The first to describe this disease was Charles Jules Henry Nicolle (1866–1936) and Louis Herbert Manceaux (1865–1934) in Brazil. These were done through studies of other diseases in the area. During the imperialist era of European empires. (Economic interest.)
Who is affected by the disease?
Affects?
In the U.S. it's estimated that 11% of the population of above 6 years has been infected by Toxoplasma Gondii. Though it most prevalent in hot, humid, low elevation areas of the world. (Brazil and Africa). Unborn fetuses, pregnant women, and immunocompromised people are at most risk for the disease. Due to how the disease spreads in other organisms and the lack of an immune system to surpress the parasite.
Symptoms?
Symptoms
A lot of people who are infected with Toxoplasma Gondii aren't aware of them having it since they don't experience any symptoms from it. Other people who have toxoplasmosis might get swollen lymph glands, muscle aches and pain from Toxoplama Gondii. Extreme cases can cause damage to the brain, eyes, and/or other organs. Severe toxoplasmosis is more likely in people who are immunocompromised even people with good immune systems might have eye damage.
Pathology
Pathology and effects.
The effects of Toxoplasmosis on the body can differr: in the most extreme case it'll cause occular damage leaving a hole of sorts as seen here. Along with damage to the brain in the nervous system. Another body effects is that in pregnant women, who contracted the disease, who's children will experience a higher risk to Toxoplasmosis later in life. Though babies could be born with eye degradation and brain damage.
Cures/Treatments
Treatments
Based off my research there seems to be no true cure as a majority of Toxoplasmosis cases are treated by the immune system itself. Though in cases where you do become ill it is possible to treat you with a mixture of Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine. Though people with weakened immune systems may need permanent treatment of these drugs until they don't have it anymore or forever.
What causes the disease?
Causes
Most causes of this disease involve zoonotic transmission from the main host, the house cat. Ways this occurs are in the cats feces and the spread of it from other host such as rats and farm animals. This is due to Toxoplasma Gondii being found in food, water, and soil. Toxoplasmosis is a prokaryotic protozoan parasite. Common causes to get this are consuming uncooked meat, cleaning an infected cats litter, infected water, and more.
How is a person's daily life affected by this? What do they go through, what medications/help do they need? What are some things they can’t do as a result of this?
Daily life
People with Toxoplasmoisis that are healthy generally don't suffer or even need medications in some cases as the disease with disappear within a few weeks to months. Those who do need it (immunocompromised) will need drugs (pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, along with folinic acid) until they aren't compromised anymore or with those AIDS, for the rest of their lives. Things they may experince could include: flu like symptoms, permanent damage in some cases to the brain and eyes, behavioural changes, and rupture.
Number of people affected by the disease.
Statistics, treatments, and citations.
In the United States there are to be more than 40 million men and women infected, though a majority don't seem to experience symptoms. Based off other information it's assumed that 25 to 30% of the worldwide population is infected though this can then vary country wise (10-80% infected). With 3,600 in the U.S. developing eye disease.
Treatment Centers/Medical Research
Treatment Centers
A Univerity known as UChicago Medicine in Chicago are doing research in their Toxoplasmosis Center to offer lifelong asssitance with those coping or experiencing Toxoplasmosis. The center states that they care for patients with acutes cases, congenital toxoplasmosis, and treatment options.
Works Cited
Citations
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, August 29). CDC - Toxoplasmosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/ Content source: Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria
Dubey, J. P. (1996). Toxoplasma Gondii - medical microbiology - NCBI bookshelf. Chapter 84Toxoplasma Gondii. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7752/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, November 10). CDC - toxoplasmosis - biology. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/biology.html#:~:text=Toxoplasma%20gondii%20is%20a%20protozoan,and%20causes%20the%20disease%20toxoplasmosis.
EA, I. (2009, September 10). A brief history and overview of Toxoplasma gondii. Zoonoses and public health. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19744303/#:~:text=Toxoplasma%20gondii%20was%20discovered%20by,most%20successful%20parasitic%20organisms%20worldwide.
Morrissette, N. S., & Ajioka, J. W. (2009, July 1). The early years of toxoplasma research: What's past is prologue. International journal for parasitology. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2727930/#:~:text=The%20scientists%20recognized%20as%20first,1953)%20who%20worked%20in%20Brazil.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, December 1). CDC - toxoplasmosis - general information - frequently asked questions (faqs). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 16, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/gen_info/faqs.html#:~:text=People%20who%20are%20most%20likely,during%20or%20just%20before%20pregnancy.