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1. Differentiate the various literary approaches that focus on language; and
2. analyze a literary text by examining its linguistic context
Essential Question
“What is the importance of understanding the way language is used in a
particular text?”
Linguistic (adj.)
-of or relating to language or the study of language
Linguistics - the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semantics.
Stylistics - is a branch of applied linguistics concerned with the study of style in texts, especially, but not exclusively, in literary works. Also called literary linguistics, stylistics focuses on the figures, tropes, and other rhetorical devices used to provide variety and a distinctness to someone's writing.
Stylistic choices are designed to have effects on the reader or listener, which are generally understood as:
(a) communicating meanings which go beyond the linguistically determined meanings,
(b) communicating attitude (as in persuasive effects of style), and
(c) expressing or communicating emotion.
Syntax is the study of sentences and their structure, and the constructions within sentences.
Grammar is a set of rules that set forth the correct standard of usage in a language.
Semantics is the study of the relationship between words and how we draw meaning from those words. People can absolutely interpret words differently and draw different meanings from them.
Diction is a writer or speaker's word choice that helps define the written or spoken word and express your style.
Voice in literature is the individual style in which a certain author writes his or her works. Voice includes many different literary devices and stylistic techniques, including syntax, semantics, diction, dialogue, character development, tone, pacing, and even punctuation.
Figurative language uses figures of speech to be more effective, persuasive, and impactful.
Figures of speech such as metaphors, similes, and allusions go beyond the literal meanings of the words to give readers new insights. On the other hand, alliterations, imageries, or onomatopoeias are figurative devices that appeal to the senses of the readers.
To understand what is meant by structures of literature, let's first look at the definition of structure. Structure means 'composed of parts' or 'the organization of something,' when referring to literature. In its simplest form, we can think of literature as written material on a particular topic or subject. The structure of literature can be described as the organizational method of the written material. Some common methods of organization include the following:
Narrative (order of occurrence or order of telling)
Chronological (time sequence)
Comparison and contrast
Cause and effect
Inductive (specific to general)
Deductive (general to specific)
The labels we attach to groups of texts with similar or correlated features can be summarised under the heading genre.
Genres are defined by certain conventions, common recurring features which texts display. These features can be formal or structural or they can relate to themes and topics or forms of presentation. Thus, prose fiction is generally defined by the fact that it is not written in verse like poetry, for example, and that it is narrative while drama normally includes the direct presentation of a scene on stage.
In the 21st century, the following are the five main literary genres: fiction, non-fiction, poetry, drama and media.
A woman without her man is nothing
A woman: without her, man is nothing.
A woman, without her man, is nothing.
Night breaks, but dawn falls
Bukangliwayliway, takipsilim
nose runs/runny nose, feet smells/smelly feet
ebon/ ibon
In which battle did Napoleon die?
in his last battle
Where was the Declaration of Independence signed?
What is the main reason for failure?
The river Ravi flows in which state?
If it took eight men ten hours to build a wall, how long would it take four men to build it?
at the bottom of the page
Exams
No time at all. The wall is already built.
Liquid
There is no meaning outside the text. Meaning resides in the text itself, and the reader determines the meaning for himself