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14
AGE AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
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is it "the younger the easier?"
or "the older the better?"
http://alinguisticsisfun-damental.blogspot.com/2018/12/theories-of-language-acquisition_3.html
outline
- Introduction
- Behaviorism
- Innateness
- CPH
- Krashen's Monitor Model
- Conclusion
- Works cited
introduction
introduction
- Definition of second language acquisition (SLA).
- The relation between age and second language acquisition.
- Causes of second language acquisition errors.
- Intralingual errors
- Interlingual errors
behaviorism
CPH
- What is behaviorism?
- S-R-R
- Conditioning + reinforcement
- Audiolingualism "learn by heart"
AL
Innateness
chomsky
- Behaviorism did not justify the logical problem of language acquisition.
"I’d like to propose a piece of bread." - "Is the doctor going to doc me?"
- Noam Chomsky (1960).
- Language acquisition depends on the brain.
UG
- Children are biologically programmed for language acquisition.
- How are they programmed?
- What is Universal Grammar (UG)?
1-The principles universal to all human languages.
2-Children are only learning the ways in which language uses these principles.
- What is the Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?
- For how long does LAD function?
LAD
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"COLORLESS GREEN IDEAS SLEEP FURIOUSLY"
green ideas
"Although it is nonsense, it is nonetheless recognizable as a well-formed English sentence."
Bever & Montalbetti (2002, p.1565)
CRITICAL PERIOD HYPOTHESIS (1967)
SLA
- Belief: that UG does not offer a good explanation for SLA, especially for learners who have passed a certain age.
- It presupposes that there is a Limited period during which language acquisition can occur.
- Human beings possess LAD, which is not accessible at puberty.
CPH
Humans have a superior capacity for acquiring languages in early life
Maturational State
Exercised Hypothesis
CPH
- This capacity disappears or declines with maturation.
- Children are superior to adults
- Age is efficient in L2.
- If exercised, further language learning abilities will remain intact throughout life
- L2 acquisition should be equivalent in children and adults, hence, there will be no age effect
Exercised Hypothesis
- "Children cannot acquire complex morphological and grammatical phenomena so easily." (Hu, 2016, p.5)
Maturation State
AGE
- Dong (2013) investigated 60 male immigrants (6-20 years old) who entered the US.
- Results: Children (less than 12) are fluent.
- Scovel (1988) suggests that “if a second language learning begins after the age of 12 years, learners can never pass themselves off as native speakers phonologically” (p.185).
age
“Language acquisition does not require extensive use of conscious grammatical rules and does not require tedious drill.” (Krashen, 1980, p.2)
• Krashen’s monitor model is the best known model of second language acquisition influenced by Chomsky’s theory.
• It adopts the notion of a language acquisition device.
• LAD is used by Chomsky to represent children’s innate knowledge of language.
krashen
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/289285976039217933/
krashen
• Krashen described his model in terms of five hypotheses:
1- The acquisition hypothesis
2- The monitor hypothesis
3- The natural order hypothesis
4- The comprehensible input hypothesis
5- The affective filter hypothesis
6- The reading hypothesis
conclusion
- Age has a huge role in Second Language development, However, it is not the overriding factor.
conclusion
- Cognition, environment, and natural potential play a huge role in acquiring a second language.
Thank you
Works Cited
references
- Bever, T. & Montalbetti, M. (2002). Noam's Ark.
Science, New Series. 298(5598) pp. 1565-1566. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3832835
- Bilash, O. (2009). Krashen's 6 Hypotheses.
Retrieved from https://sites.educ.ualberta.ca/staff/olenka.bilash/Best%20of%20Bilash/krashen.html
- Dong, G. (2013). The Role of Age in Second
Language Acquisition- A Psychological Perspective. British Journal of English Linguistics. 1(1) pp.1-6. Retrieved from http://www.ea-journals.org
- Behaviorist Theory of Second Lnguage acquisition.
Retrieved from https://termcoord.eu/2017/05/video-fixbehaviorist-theory-of-second-language-
acquisition/
Works Cited cont'd
- Hu, R. (2016). The Age Factor in Second Language
Learning. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 6(11). pp.2164-2168. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0611.13
- Scovel, T. (1988). A Time to Speak: A
Psycholinguistic Inquiry into the Critical Period for Human Language. Rowley, US: Newbury House.