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https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/history/spread-of-islam/umayyad-caliphate/
The Umayyad Empire (661 - 750 C.E.) was one of the major political and cultural centres of the early medieval era. The Umayyad caliphs governed the Islamic world in the century following Prophet Muhammad's death in 632 C.E, when they succeeded the Rashidun Caliphate. This made the Umayyad dynasty the second Islamic caliphate.
Islam goes to Spain with the 3 General
1. Musa bin Nushair
2. Thariq bin Ziyad
3. Tharif bin Malik
In 750, the Umayyad dynasty in Syria fell to the Abbasids. The one surviving member, 'Abd al-Rahman I (reigned 756–88), escaped to Spain and established autonomous rule there. He rebuilt Córdoba, the capital city, to reflect his Syrian heritage and the Byzantine roots of the Umayyad capital of Damascus. This influence can be seen in the architecture and surface ornamentation of the Great Mosque of Córdoba as well as other buildings in the city. Under 'Abd al-Rahman III (reigned 912–61), who proclaimed himself caliph, al-Andalus grew into an empire with a diverse religious and ethnic population.
From 945 to 1010, the court was centered in Madinat al-Zahra, a palace city on the outskirts of Córdoba built between 936 and 940 by 'Abd al-Rahman III. The city became synonymous with opulence and sophistication (fig. 21)
1. Cordoba Mezquita
2. The Alhambra Palace
3. Madinat Azahra
4. La Madraza Granada
https://youtu.be/uirf1PhbKVA
The Reconquista (Reconquest) or Iberian Crusades were military campaigns largely conducted between the 11th and 13th century CE to liberate southern Portuguese and Spanish territories, then known as al-Andalus, from the Muslim community who had conquered and held them since the 8th century CE. With the backing of popes and attracting Christian knights from across Europe, including the main military orders, the successful campaigns ended by the final stages of the 13th century CE when only heavily fortified Granada remained in Muslim hands.