Loading…
78
Transcript
CHAPTER 4
Components of a Computer System
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
Physical components that make up a computer
Internal
Motherboard
Sound Card
Graphic Card
CPU
ROM
NIC
Hard Disk Drive
RAM
External
Will be covered extensively in the next chapter
Some examples:
- keyboard
- mouse
- camera
- monitor
- printer
- plotter
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- central processing unit/processor
- an electronic circuit board in a computer
Function:
- execute instructions from a computer program
- The two main components are:
- arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) where arithmetic and logical operations are carried out
- control unit (CU) which takes instructions the decodes and executes the instructions.
Motherboard
- peripheral circuit board
Function:
- allow processor and other hardware to function and communicate
- act as kind of 'hub'
Random Access Memory (RAM)
- internal chip
Function:
- temporarily stored data when running application
- can be written or read
- data lost when computer turn off
Other name:
- volatile memory
- temporary memory
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Function:
- store permanent data
- cannot be altered
- can only be read
- data not lost when computer turn off
Other name:
- non-volatile memory
Graphic/ Video Card
- usually connect to motherboard
Function:
- allow computer to send graphical information to monitor
Consist of:
- a processing unit
- memory unit (RAM)
- heat sink
- connection (cables)
Sound Card
- integrated circuit board
Function:
- allow computer to produce sound
- send sound to speaker/ headphone
- record sound from microphone
- edit sound on the disk
Two method to translate digital data into analog signal:
- FM synthesis (mimic musical instruments)
- Wavetable Synthesis (record actual musical instruments)
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
- magnetic disk
Function:
- storing data
Newer computer use Solid State Drive (SDD) - same as HDD
Network Interface Card (NIC)
- Each NIC is hard-coded with a unique MAC (media access control) address
Function:
- allows a computer or any other device
HARDWARE
Physical components that make up a computer
Internal
Video Card
Sound Card
Motherboard
Hard Disk Drive
ROM
RAM
External
Will be covered extensively in the next chapter
Software
SOFTWARE
- program that control the computer system
Application Software
Word
Procesor
Graphic Manipulation
Application
Software
Spreadsheet
Video
Editing
Program that allow user to do specific task
Database
Control &
Measuring
Apps
& Applet
Photo Editing
CAD
Word Processor
- used to manipulate text document
- allow:
- create, edit, save & manipulate text
- copy & paste functions
- import photos
- spell checks, translation etc.
- Examples:
- Pages
- Microsoft Word
Spreadsheet
- used to organise & manipulate numerical data
- organised on a grid with columns & rows
- allow:
- use of formulas & functions to carry out calculation
- produce graph
- Examples:
- Numbers
- Microsoft Excel
Database
- used to organise, manipulate & analyse data
- each table consist of columns (field) & rows (record)
- single database can consist of multiple tables
- allow:
- carry out queries (searching)
- add, delete & modify data
- Examples:
- Microsoft Access
- MySQL
Apps
- short for application
- downloaded from the apps store
- Examples:
- Games
- Video & music streaming
- GPS Navigation System
- Camera
- emails
- social medias
Applet
- small applications that perform a single task
- they are usually embedded in an HTML
- Examples:
- Java Applets
Graphic Manipulation Software
- use to create or change vector & bitmap images
- manipulates lines, curves & text to alter the images
- Examples:
- Adobe Photoshop
- Adobe
Video Editing Software
- use to manipulate video
- allows:
- rearrange, add & remove clips
- applying colour correction, filters & other enhancement
- create transition between clips
Examples:
- iMovie
- Adobe Premier
- Windows Movie Maker
Photo Editing Software
- use to manipulate digital photograph
- allows:
- change brightness, contrast & saturation
- change features & alter images
- touch up the photos
Examples:
- Adobe Lightroom
- Pixlr
Control & Measuring Software
- to allow computer to interface with sensors
Examples:
- measure temperature
- measure pressure
Computer-aided Design (CAD)
- used to help in the creation, manipulation, modification and analysis of a drawing/design.
- used to produce 2D or 3D diagrams which:
- can be rotated to view the drawing from any angle
- can produce full dimensions
- can be used to estimate manufacturing costs of the final product
- predict any structural problem
Examples:
- TinkerCAD
- AutoCAD
System
Software
System Software
Compiler
Operating
System
Program that allow the hardware to run properly
& allow the user to communicte with the computer
Device Drivers
Utilities
Linkers
Operating System
- essential software running at background
- manages basic functions
- allow:
- input/ output operation
- user to communicate with the computer
- error handling
- run program
- manage security
Compiler
- translates a program written in high-level language (eg: Java, C++, VB) to machine code (understood by the computer)
Linkers
- take one or more object file (produced by the compiler) & combines them into single program (to be run on a computer)
Device Drivers
- computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer
- Examples:
- printers
- pendrive
- mouse
- CD drivers
Utilities
- program that designed to carry specific tasks on a computer
- program that help to manage, maintain & control computer resources
- Examples:
- antivirus
- defragmenter
- file management
- screen saver
Analogue & Digital Data
ADC
Analogue to Digital Converter
Analogue
& Digital
Data
DAC
Digital to Analogue Converter
Analogue Data
- data in real world
- continuos - changes smoothly
Digital Data
- computer can only understand this (because of the binary format 0 and 1)
- discrete and discontinuous values
Main Components of
a Computer System
4 keys components:
- CPU
- HDD/ SSD
- RAM
- ROM
MAIN COMPONENTS
Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
CPU
- aka microprocessor
- the computer "brain"
- controls:
- input & output
- arithmetic & logic unit
- immediate access store (RAM)
ROM
- contain boot file hich contains BIOS
- BIOS (Basic Input/ Output System) check all devices present then load Operating System (OS) into the RAM
- BIOS stores date, time & system configuration in another non-volatile chip called CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) - usually battery powered