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battle of Ghatafaan
When Banu Nadheer was banished from Madinah because they has broken their treaty with muslims, they settled in Khaibar but still encouraging neighbouring tribes to fight against muslims. So in Muharram or Jumadul-Ula Prophet with his six hundred companions left for Khaibar. Allah grant the muslims victory and they gained control over all the forts of the Jews. Sayyidinah Ali played a great role in this Jihad.
Prophet performed Umrah, which was missed the previous year when the treaty of Hudaybiyya was signed.
Prophet married Sayyidah Maymoonah.
After returning from Taaif, Prophet remained in Madinah until the middle of 9 A.H. Prophet began preparation for Jihad as he was informed that Hiraql (Hercules) was preparing an army at Tabuk to attack the muslims after their defeat in Muta. In Rajab, Prophet left Madinah for Tabuk with twenty thousand companions. Hiraql fled from Tabuk and no battle was fought. Muslim returned after staying in Tabuk for fifteen to twenty days. This was the last battle that Prophet Muhammad fought. Prophet returned to Madinah in Ramadhan 9 A.H.
After returning from Tabuk, Prophet appointed Sayyidina Abu Bakr as the leader of Hajj and sent him to Makkah.
Prophet left for Hajj on the 25th Zul-Qa’dah 10 A.H. and more than one hundred thousand companions joined him. Prophet tied ihram from Zul-Hulaifah, six miles from Madinah. They, reached Makkah on Saturday, 4th Zil-Hijjah. On the 9th Zul-Hijjah after reaching Arafaat, Prophet delivered a very inspiring Khutbah (Speech) which was full of advice and wisdom. After performing Hajj, Prophet remained in Makkah for few days and thereafter returned to Madinah.
Battle of Khandaq (trench) or Battle of Ahzaab (groups) took place in Zil-Qa`dah 5 A.H. All the groups (Quraish of Makkah, the Jews and Munafiqeen (Hypocrites)) gathered their forces and decided to attack Madinah. An army of ten thousand fierce warriors, which later doubled, marched towards Madinah to destroy the Muslims.
Sayyidina Salmaan Farsi suggested to make trenches around the city of Madinah. Then Prophet Muhammad PBUH together with three thousand companions prepared to dig these trenches which was 5 metres wide and 5 metres deep and about 8 kilometres long. It took the 6 days to complete digging it.
breach of agreement
Banu Quraizah joined the disbelievers in the battle of trench and broke their agreement with Prophet, So after the battle muslims attacked them. They locked themselves in their fort for twenty-five days.
In the beginning of Zil-Qa’dah 6 A.H, Prophet Muhammad PBUH tied ihram for Umrah and set out towards Makkah with a large group of 1400 companions. Prophet camped at Hudaybiyyah (name of a well about 25.5km from Makkah) because disbelievers of Makkah didnot allow muslims to perform Umrah. Prophet sent Sayyidina Uthmaan to Makka to negociate with disbelievers but rumour spread that disbelievers killed Sayyidina Uthmaan then Prophet took a pledge (Bayt) for Jihad under an acacia tree, which is called Bay’at-ru-Ridhwaan. Later on they learnt that this was only a rumour. The muslims and disbelievers agreed to sign a treaty. Allah releaved Surah Fatah, wherein this treaty was termed as an open victory.
Official letters to Kings
Prophet sent letters to the kings of the world to preach and describe the message of Islam. A’mr bin Umayya was sent to the king of Ethiopia (Najashi, Ashumah). Dihya kalbi was sent to the emperor rome (Hiraql, Hercules), Abdullah bin Hudhayfah was sent to the leader of Persia (Kisrah), Haatib bin Abi Balta’a was sent to the leader of Egypt (Maqowqas), A’mr bin A’as was sent to the leader of Oman.
Prophet sent Sayyidina Harith bin U’mair to Shurahbeel, the governor of Busrah with the invitation of Islam. Shurahbeel reacted with aggression and killed Sayyidina Harith bin U’mair. So, in 8 A.H Prophet sent an army of three thousand to confront Shurahbeel. Shurahbeel prepared an army of nearly one hundred and fifty thousand soldiers. 3 muslims against 150 disbelievers. This battle took place at Muta, a place in Shaam (Syria) 51.5km from Baitul Maqsid and close to the city of Balqaan. Three leaders of muslims (Sayyidinah Zaid bin Haritha, Sayyidina Ja’far, and Sayyidinah Abdullah bin Rawaha) martyred then muslims gained victory under commanment of Sayyidina Khalid bin Waleed.
Prophet Muhammad PBUH began preparing for Jihad, on 3rd Ramadhan 8 A.H after A’sr Prophet with an army of ten thousand left Madinah towards Makkah. Allah gave command over Makkah without fight and On Friday, 20th Ramadhan, Prophet made Tawaaf of the Ka’bah and broke all the idols placed inside Ka’bah. Prophet, who was a mercy unto mankind addressed to disbelievers of Makkah as ” Today you all are free. There is no blame on you”. Prophet remained in Makkah for fifteen days. Thereafter, returend to Madinah and appointed Sayyidinah I’tab bin Usayd as the governor of Makkah.
Forgiveness
After the Banu Hawaazin and Thaqeef were defeated in Hunain they took protection in the fort of Taaif. Prophet followed them and approximately eighteen days they laid seige to the fort. Then Prophet left and camped at Ji’rranah and handedover persons who were captured at Hunain on the request of people of Taaif. After returning to Madinah, a delegation from Taaif came to Madinah and accepted Islam.
Thereafter, Prophet performed Umrah from Ji’rranah and returned to Madinah on the 6th Zul-Qa’dah 8 A.H.