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Methaphisical Mind Map
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Metaphsical Mind-Map
What is the meaning of life?
Meaning of Life?
Life in fact has no meaning until we bring meaning to it. The meaning of life soley depends upon an individual, based on their mindset and what they do, who and what they spend their time on/with. No one else brings meaning to life but yourself. There are 3 elements of life:
-Coherence
-Purpose
-significance
These elements all stand to indicate the events, taking in one's ife, giving a reasoning behind them and valuing your life.
Hedoism
Hedonism
John Stuart Mill created this theory discussing signficance of intusic goods and aim towards human life. Accordding to Mill happiness is freedom from the pain caused. Hedonism comes from Greek meaning "pleasure", stating the all and only pleasue is intristicallu valuable whereas any pain is intrinsically not valuable.
Example
Since hedonism suggests the little pleasures of life, examples of it includes:
Moments connecting with family and friends
Playing with your dog/cat
Going out to eat
Scholasticim
Scholasticism
Scholasticism is a method of learning which goes beyond of learning philosohphy or theology. This is because os grants a strong emphasis on dialectical reasoing allowing one to expand their knowldge. In simple terms it is a habit of being stubborn on one specific method of teaching and/or learning. During the medieval time scholasticism was a school of philosophy that emplyed a critical method of philosophical analysis.
St. Thomas Aquinas
Theorist
St. Thomas Aquinas is regarded to be one of the most influencial thinkers iduring the priod of medeval Scholasticism. He is also given the credit as the Thomistic school of Theology's Father.
Example!
Hedonism statesto enjoy things that life gives you including eating, dancing, music, etc.
Scholastic activities on the other hand includes test marks, notebook upkeep and so on.
Does God Exist?
Does God Exist
God is said to be the purest of all, perfect and never changing. However, through science God cannot be proven or diproven. The topic of God's existence is a on going argument between different people caused due to the abstractions of religion, neccesity and cosmology. These impact many people allowing them to have a unique outlook and own prespective of things like such. Faith plays a great role in believing in God as he cannot be evidencially proven. In philsophical terms this question involves factors of epstemology and ontology . According to
Epistemology
Epstemology
Epistemology is the theory of knowledge. It is concerned with the mind's relation to reality.
Example:What is it for this relation to be one of knowledge? Do we know things?
How do we know them?
For example, if someone says there belief that the time is 11:56 is justified based on the clock, but it's true because they happened to walk by at just the right moment. So, we might insist that to constitute knowledge, a belief must be both true and justified, and its truth and justification must be connected somehow
Ontology
Father of Ontology: Edmund Husserl
Ontology is the nature if being and kinds of exisntence. It is a concept regarding existence, becoming and reality.
Ontology
Theorist St. Aslem states that "if we can imagine a perfect being with our imperfect minds than the flawless being must exist in reality or else where could that idea possibly come from." He beleives that God does truly exist all because he exisnts within our brains.
Who decides the legitimacy of what is 'real'?
An entity ontologically depends on another entity if the first entity cannot exist without the second entity. For example, The surface of an apple cannot exist without the appl and so it is dependant on it ontologically.
Example
Monotheism is the belief that there is only one God, one deity who is the all supreme being universally. Unlike religions who believ in multiple Gods.
Example: Christinaity, and Islam practice monotheism.
Immanuel Kant is a well known philosipher who beleived in one God who is the sourse of all good in the world. Kant maintains that underlying all the traditional proofs for God's existence
Monotheism
Deism
Cosmology
Diesm is the belief in God based on reason rather than revelation or the teaching of any specific religion.
Edward Herbert stated that there are 5 religious ideas planted in the mind.
- God-given
- Belief in the supreme being
- Worshing the supreme being
- Repentance
- Rewards and punishment in the next life or world
Example
'Some Deists believe that God never intervenes in human affairs while other Deists believe as George Washington did that God does intervene through Providence but that Providence is "inscrutable." Likewise, some Deists believe in an afterlife while others do not, etc.'
Descartes'
Descartes' ontological argument:
Our idea of God is of a perfect being
It is more perfect to exist than not to exist
God must exist.
The second argument that Descartes gives for this conclusion is far more complex.
Do We Have Free Will?
Do we have Free Will?
For a very long time philosophers and theologians have held the idea that the human population depends on the belief of free will, and lossing this belife could cause clalmitious. For example, the ethics we up hold now would be entierly different, imgine is everyone choose freely between right and wrong.
In conclusion we do not have free will as it is predetermined by something else, another factor, as Aristotle said "we have the power to do or not to do, and much of wht we do is voluntary".
Determinism
This theory states that all events are determined only based on previosuly existing causes. Theories falling under determinism have developed from diverse snd overlapping motives/considerations. Determinism entials that in any situatuon where a indivdiaul makes a certian action or decision it is impossible for them to have made any other decision or action besides that one. Therefore, people can never decide or act differently than they actually did.
Theory
Based on the aspect of determinism being true, all human acts are consequences of the laws of nature and event in the remote past. However, any events taken place before each individual is not up to us. Meaning consequences of any and all acts are not up to us but the laws and nature.
Theory
Fatalism
Philosophers usually use the word to refer to the view that we are powerless to do anything other than what we actually do. It is the belief that events are predetermined by fate and humans cannot do anything in their power to change it.
Fatalism
Spinoza
Theorist
Spinoza believes the God is "the sum of the natural and physical laws of the universe and certianly not an individual entity or creator. His theory has no fatalism, but it is fatalistic because fatalism is the moral value of the universe and Spinozas theory imples the activities man cherishes are either futile or impossible.
Compatability
Free will goes hand in hand with determinism according to compatibilism. Compatibilism is usully thought of as a thesis on moral responsibility and determinism.
Compatability
Theorist Harry Frankfurt Argued that the principle of alternate possibbilities is flase because he believed that people do in fact have 'free will if they are not forced allowing their actions to be made on their own will.'
Being poor does not make one steal, but it may make them more likely to take that route through desperation. Soft determinism suggests that some behaviors are more constrained than others and that there is an element of free will in all behaviour. People can make a free choice as to whether to commit a crime or not This does not mean that behaviour is random, but we are free from the causal influences of past events. According to freewill a person is responsible for their own actions.
Example
Pictures
Does the World Exist?
The World does exist because of mine and others conscious. The only evidence you have that you exist as a self-aware being is your conscious experience of thinking about your existence. can feel, see and breathe on earth a place where humanity exists and is able to travel to different exotic places. Everyone has a different and unique respective of the world but it ruly does exist in our brains and factually.
Map
Cartesian Skepticism a general variety of skepticism that relies on the observation that our judgments about a certain area like the world. It influences how humans see the world and intrepret realty.
Caetesian Skepticism
René Descartes
Theorist
René Descartes, the originator of Cartesian doubt, put all beliefs, ideas, thoughts, and matter in doubt. He showed that his reasoning for any knowledge could just as well be false. Descartes aimed to eliminate all knowledge which can be doubted so that all that remains is statements which are true.
Descartes considers the hypothesis that there is a powerful evil demon who renders his beliefs about the world false, while making it seem to him just as if they are true. The challenge Descartes raises is this: how can we know that the evil demon hypothesis is false?
Example
Ontology
Ontology is the study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality. So what is real or existent. Ontology questions everything which means it questions the worlds existence as well.
Aristotle's ontology is his theory that reality is based on the substances of physical objects, not Forms.
For example, does God truly exist or any higher being other than humans?
Example
A pantheistic view of metaphysics and religion states that there is no real difference between the ideas of "God" and "the world."
View
Conciousness
What is Conciousness?
Consciousness is our own awareness of unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations, and environments. Meaning your consciousness is your awareness of yourself and the world around you. There are 4 stages of conciousness known as waking, dreaming, deep sleep, and turya
Aristotle & Kant
Aristotle has had a few discussions of how consciousness is an intrinsic feature of mental states or a higher‐order thought or perception.
For Kant, consciousness being unified is a central feature of the mind, our kind of mind at any rate.
Consciousness describes our awareness internally and externally. Awareness of internally includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Externally it could be physical pain.
Example
Epistemology is the theory of knowledge. It is concerned with the mind's relation to reality.
Nietzsche, refers to a specific kind of reflective self-consciousness, such that for a mental state to be conscious requires an accompanying higher-order representational state.
Example: A thought
Epistomology
Example
What is it for this relation to be one of knowledge? Do we know things? And if we do, how and when do we know things?
Plato saw consciousness as part of the ideal world. He thought that a person's consciousness creates mental images of concepts and ideas that are only imperfect once an individual tries to manifest those mental images in the real world.
Plato
The study of being, existing and reality. These theories exapln the nature of existence by describing the causes and such. It is assystem of belief that reflects an interpretation of an individual about what constitutes a fact. Bascially iy explains what we consider as reality.
Theorist: St. Anselm of Canterbury claimed to derive the existence of God from the concept of a being than which no greater can be conceived.
Example:
Ontology
Continued
The ontological argument claims that God exists because if he did not exist, he would not be the most perfect being, and if he were not the most perfect being, then he would not be God.