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The Progressive Era
The Urban Life
Economic output grew 85% from 1900 to 1910
The Urban Life
"Golden Age" of farming to supply food to growing cities
NYC population in 1910 - 4.7 million
Journalism
How the Other Half Lives - Jacob Riis
Journalism
Muckrakers
Muckrakers
Ida B. Wells - Memphis - Free Speech exposed Jim Crow laws, began anti lynching campaign
McClure's Magazine - Ida Tarbell
Upton Sinclair - The Jungle
Realism in Painting
Dark, convey physical realities
Ashcan School - early 20th Century - artists portrayed daily life in New York
Painting
https://www.johnsingersargent.org/
John Sloan
B. 1871 in Philadelphia
John Sloan
Illustrator at Philadelphia Inquirer
1895 - studies art at Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
George Bellows
B. 1882 Columbus, Ohio
Baseball player - fascinated with sports
George Bellows
Fordism
Henry Ford - son of Irish immigrant farmer, engineer for Edison Illuminating Company
1905 established Ford Motor Company
Fordism
Raised wages to $5 a day in 1914 - workers could buy cars now
Types of Progressivism
Religious motivations - redeem the cities
Types of Progressivism
Scientific knowledge - efficiency and productivity
Monopolies were the enemy
Industrial Freedom
Workers wanted to participate in economic decision making
Industrial Freedom
Louis D. Brandeis - Supreme Court 1916 - concerned with gap between "political liberty" and "industrial slavery"
Socialism
Socialist Party established in 1901
1912 - 150k due paying members
Socialism
Influence in industrial cities and also some farming communities out West
Socialist Party
Socialist Party
380 party affiliated newspapers and 353 cities and towns that elected Socialist mayors and other officials
Eugene V. Debs received 6% of the vote in 1912 presidential election as Socialist candidate (1 million votes in 1920 from jail cell)
http://depts.washington.edu/moves/SP_map-members.shtml
Labor
AFL - membership tripled to 1.6 million between 1900 and 1904
Labor
20,000 garment workers walked out in 1909
Mother Jones
Protest Music
Little Red Songbook 1909 - International Workers of the World
Protest Music
https://libcom.org/files/TheLittleRedSongBook_text.pdf
http://www.cartooningcapitalism.com/plutocracy-vs-democracy
Jane Addams
B. 1860 Cedarville, IL to a wealthy family
Studied medicine but had to abandon studies because of health problems
Jane Addams
Founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889
First American woman to receive Nobel prize in 1931
https://www.theguardian.com/personal-investments/ng-interactive/2017/oct/24/jane-addams-activist-foundation-social-work-hull-house
Entertainment
Vaudeville
Became popular in 1880 and was most popular form of entertainment by end of the century
Variety show of short episodes including animal acts, comedians, singers, plate-spinners, ventriloquists, dancers, musicians, acrobats, etc.
Diverse mix of cultural influences - minstrel shows, English music hall, Yiddish theater
Shows had an all male audience and would last for hours
Replaced by radio and film - vaudeville provided actors/writers for early theater, television, film, and radio
Literature
Realism replaced Romanticism of the mid-19th century
Literature
Victorian era novels remained popular in the United States into the 20th century
Naturalism
Harsh realism - based on Darwinism
Naturalism
Naturalist determinism - survival of the fittest
Author seeks to be objective observer
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/4997/
Jack London
Jack London -b. 1876
Tramp, survivalist - learned to tell a good story on the road
Gold Rush of 1897 in the Klondike
"To Build a Fire"
Theodore Dreiser
Theodore Dreiser
B. Terre Haute, Indiana in 1871
Grew up poor - father a German immigrant, strict Catholic, ninth of 10 surviving children
Ninth of 10 surviving children - siblings led difficult lives
Dropped out of school at 16 and left for Chicago - worked odd jobs, went to college for a year, became a reporter
Sister Carrie
Based on scandal involving his sister Emma
Publisher hesistant because of themes - wanted to back out of the contract - sold fewer than 500 copies
Dreiser became depressed and did not write a novel for almost ten years
Suffrage
Women began to demand more education, comparable pay for men, and sexual freedom
Suffrage
Women began to change laws about prostitution, child labor, and eventually voting
http://origins.osu.edu/connecting-history/first-time-women-marched-washington
In the 1910s became focused on a constitutional amendment to give women the right to vote
http://origins.osu.edu/connecting-history/first-time-women-marched-washington
Politics
Citizens began to demand that the government take a larger role in society
Politics
State and Local Level
Reform excesses of political bosses
Raise property taxes to address societal ills - build schools, parks, public transportation
State and Local Level
Robert La Follette - make Wisconsin a "laboratory for democracy"
Progressive Democracy
Seventeenth Amendment (1913) popular vote for US Senators
Progressive Democracy
Restrictions of voting - only allow those seen as worthy to participate in the process - led to literacy tests to vote
Presidents
McKinley wins reelection in 1900
Anarchist Leon Czolgosz shot assassinated McKinley in Sept 1901
Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt
Model for the modern president - engaged in both domestic and foreign affairs
Theodore Roosevelt
Domestic policy became known as "Square Deal" - distinguished between good and bad corporations
Prosecuted J.P. Morgan's Northern Securities Corporation - dissolved in 1904
Economic Regulation
TR threatened to nationalize coal mines during a labor dispute which led to a settlement between ownership and labor
Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission
Economic Regulation
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act
Called for inheritance and income tax - not passed until later
Conservation
John Muir created the Sierra Club to stop logging in the West
Conservation
TR set aside millions of acres for wildlife preserves and National Parks
William Howard Taft
TR's chosen successor
Taft
More aggressive anti-trust policy than TR - broke up Standard Oil in 1911
Income tax proposed in 1909 - provided consistent funding for more powerful national government
Election of 1912
Taft moved closer to conservative wing of the Republican Party
Roosevelt challenged Taft in Republican primary and lost - ran as candidate of the Progressive Party
Election of 1912
Four way race - Taft, Roosevelt, Wilson, Debs
Woodrow Wilson
Expansion of federal government
Underwood Tariff - reduce tariff and impose higher tax on wealthiest Americans
Ended child labor - railway industry had 8 hour work day
Woodrow Wilson
Federal Reserve System (1913) - response to near failure of banking system in 1907