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Heat and Temperature

Heat and Temperature

Statement of Inquiry

The production, transfer and transformation of heat energy plays an important role in meeting human needs through scientific innovation.

Factual

What is thermal energy?

Conceptual

What is the relationship between heat and temperature?

Debatable

What are the environmental and economic consequences to using non-renewable resources?

Chapter 1.0

Human needs have led to

technologies for obtaining and

controlling heat.

Section 1.1 : History of Heat Technology

EARLY THEORIES OF HEAT

  • Until about 1600, people thought that heat was a combination of fire and air.

  • Scientists believed heat was an invisible fluid called caloric.

  • Caloric Theory: theory that heat consisted of a fluid (called caloric), which could be transferred from one body to another, but not "created" or "destroyed."

Why the Theory Didn't Work...

However,some scientists soon questioned this theory.

For example, when a spoon got warm from the soup it rests in, why didn't the mass, or weight, of the spoon increase?

If caloric was a fluid like water, it should have mass.

Heat is Energy

All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

They are the building blocks of life!

Upon further study scientists began to understand that heat was not a substance, but rather an energy.

This energy comes from the movement of the tiny particles that make up all matter.

Heat and Molecules

  • When heat is added to a substance, the molecules and atoms vibrate faster.
  • As atoms vibrate faster, the space between atoms increases.

Experiment!

Your table group will be conducting an experiment that examines how molecules behave in different temperatures of water.

You will be filling out a lab sheet provided to your group for this experiment.

Humans Using Heat

HOW DO WE CONTROL HEAT:

Shelter

Food

Water

Air

Clothing

Heat Technology Timeline

Section 1.2 - Heat Technology in Life

In addition to creating heat, we need to be able to control it.

The best way to control heat is through technologies but what does this mean for the environment?

Sustainable Choices

EXAMPLES OF SUSTAINABLE HEAT SOURCES?

  • Both the personal and societal choices we make in using heat energy are important.
  • Sustainable means that something can be maintained or continued.
  • When we talk about sustainable use of resources, we mean that we are trying to use our resources wisely and do as little damage as possible to the environment when we use them.

Thermal Energy Sources: Anything that provides us with HEAT!

Chemical Energy

Electrical Energy

Mechanical Forces

Geothermal Energy

Solar Energy

Wind Energy

Body Heat Energy

Build A Thermos!

At the end of the unit, each group will be making a THERMOS that will attempt to keep hot water at the highest temperature over a period of time.

Process Journals

Create your journals!

As we prepare for this task throughout the unit, you are going to constantly go back and refine your ideas and alter your prototype.

By the end, it is hoped that you have created the best possible thermos!

We are going to refine our ideas three times throughout the unit.

You need four pieces of lined paper.

Fold them in half to create a booklet.

Design #1

Based on what you know about heat and temperature, create a thermos that you believe will be able to keep water hot for a long period of time.

Include your materials at the bottom of the sheet.

THIS IS AN INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY!

Chapter 2.0

Heat affects matter in different ways.

Sec 2.1: The States of Matter and the Particle Model of Matter​

Sec 2.1: The States of Matter and the Particle Model of Matter​

  • Everything in the world is made up of matter.​

  • Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

  • Matter can exist in three states:​ solid, liquid and gas​

  • Adding or removing heat ​causes the particles that make up matter to behave differently and change state.​

Solids

  • Resistance to deformation and changes of volume; (hard things you can hold).​

  • Particles that are packed closely together, have a fixed position in relation to each other. (This is what makes them rigid).​

  • Particles that vibrate in place. ​

Liquids

  • A liquid is a fluid. Fluids can flow.​

  • A liquid's shape is determined by the container it fills. ​

  • Particles in a liquid “hang out” together, but do not always touch, they have cohesive (sticky) forces that hold the molecules together.

Gases

  • No definite shape or volume (size). They take the shape and fill any container. ​

  • Have HUGE amounts of energy; the particles are bouncing around constantly. ​

  • Molecules in gases are WAY more spread out.​

The States of Matter

  • All particles contain energy; “kinetic energy” = energy of motion.​

  • Each state is characterized by a different amount of motion/ amount of energy. ​
  • For solids, this movement is like wiggling in one place. ​
  • For liquids, the particles slide back-and–forth.​
  • For gases, this movement means moving as far as the space will allow.

The States of Matter

  • To change from one state to another the quantity of energy must be changed.​

  • To do this we add or remove heat.

  • Heat is another form of energy known as “thermal energy.”

Phase Changes

Changing States

Water state changes Video

The Particle Model of Matter

  • The particle model has four main points that describe the structure of all matter.​
  • Using this model, you can explain (and predict) almost every combination of solid, liquid and gas.

Particle Model of Matter

2. The tiny particles of matter are always moving and vibrating.

Solids = LOW kinetic energy so they only a little movement.

Liquids = MEDIUM kinetic energy so they have a medium amount of movement ​

Gasses = SUPER HIGH kinetic energy so they have tons of movement.

1. All matter is made up of tiny particles.​

Different substances are made up of different particles.​

This means every object (in any state) is made up of tiny particle too small to see.

Particle Model of Matter

3. The particles of matter may be attracted OR bonded together.​

  • ​Attracted: To pull toward without touching. (Liquid particles)

  • ​Bonded: Attached to something.

(Solid Particles)

Some particles, (like water) have more attraction for other particles; like salt or sugar than for each other. This is why water is so good at dissolving solids.

4. The particles have spaces between them​.

Solids = Very close​

Liquids = Associated​

Gasses = As far apart as they can get

Homework...

Complete Question #1 on page 197

Ranking Substances

Working in small groups, rank the following substances in order from most solid-like to most liquid-like to most gas-like.

• a brick

• Jell-O

• sugar

• nutella

• orange juice

• steam

• Play-Doh

• tomato sauce

• air

• green slime

Which substances were most difficult to classify as solid, liquid or gas?

Explain why

they were difficult to classify.

Three Column Table

Separate the substances into three categories: solid,liquid or gas.

Section 2.2 - Heat and Temperature

Section 2.2 - Heat and Temperature

In this section, we will be discussing the difference between:

1) Temperature

2) Thermal Energy

3) Kinetic Energy

4) Heat

Please draw these two servings of SOUP in your notes...

Temperature

Temperature is a term you are likely familiar with.

Temperature is the measure of how hot or cold something is.

We measure temperature using the units:​

Celsius (o C) ​

Fahrenheit (o F) ​

Kelvin (K) this is what most scientific equations use. ​

LABEL BOTH BOWLS OF SOUP AS BEING 70 o C

Both bowls of soup are the same TEMPERATURE...

Kinetic Energy

  • The more energy a particle has, the more it moves.​
  • The movement of a particle is the kinetic energy.
  • Particles have a higher kinetic energy (or heat energy) at higher temperatures.

Do the particles in the bowl have the same kinetic energy?

Thermal Energy

The thermal energy of a substance is the total kinetic energy of all the particles the substance contains.​

Which bowl of soup would have more THERMAL ENERGY?

Thermal Energy

  • Go back to our bowls of soup...

  • You heat the soup in a pot, and then pour a small amount of it into a cup. The temperature of the soup is the same in the pot and in the cup. But the soup in the pot has more thermal energy than the soup in the cup. This is because the amount of soup in the pot is greater than the amount of soup in the cup. A larger amount of soup contains more particles. If you added up the kinetic energy of all soup particles in the pot,you would find that it was greater than the total kinetic energy of the soup particles in the cup.

Heat

Heat is thermal energy in transit.

Heat is the energy that transfers from a substance whose particles have a higher kinetic energy to a substance who particles have a lower kinetic energy.

EX) When the burner of a stovetop is very hot, it is a source of heat energy. Anything placed onto the stovetop and warmed, whether a pot of tea or a skillet for frying eggs, also become sources of heat energy.

Consider this..

If our soup became cold, which of the two quantities of soup would require more HEAT to reach 70 oC?

Section 2.3 - Heat Affects the Volume of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Section 2.3 - Heat Affects the Volume of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Analyze the following situation...

When making popcorn, I put butter into a glass mug. I put the mug into the microwave to melt the butter for the popcorn. After I had put the butter on the popcorn, I rinsed the mug out in the sink with cold water. The mug immediately cracked. Why???

Thermal Expansion

Thermal expansion is the process of expansion of a substance caused by an increase in thermal energy.

Thermal expansion can occur in gases, liquids, and solids.

Thermal Expansion in Everyday Life

Analyze the pictures below and determine where thermal expansion has occurred or could possibly occur.

Uh oh...

Didn't plan for thermal expansion!

The Balloon and the Bottle

Observe what happens to the air in balloon when it is heated up.

What is happening to the air particles within the balloon?

Thermal Expansion

Thermal Contraction

  • Thermal contraction occurs when the temperature drops - atoms calm down and shrink.
  • Can occur in gases, liquids and solids.

Thermal Expansion and Contraction Video

Watch carefully what happens to the water level when placing the beaker into HOT water, and then into COLD water.

Why does this happen? Use correct TERMINOLOGY when explaining...

Contraction, expansion, kinetic energy

Practical Use...

Based on what you've learned today...

If it is VERY cold outside and your tire sensor comes on telling you to fill your tires, should you do it?

Why or why not?

Section 2.4 - Heat Transfers by Conduction

Section 2.4 - Heat Transfers by Conduction

As we already know...

Heat transfers in one direction: from areas of high kinetic energy (hot) to areas of low kinetic energy (cold).

Today, we are going to learn how heat transfer occurs through a process called conduction.

Conduction

Conduction is a

CHAIN REACTION!

  • One way that heat transfers from hot to cold areas of matter is by conduction.

  • Conduction is the transfer of heat

energy between

substances that are

in contact with each

other.

According to the law of Conduction... What will happen to the ice cubes?

How many points of heat transfer through CONDUCTION can you count?

Conductors VS Insulators

What is a Conductor? What is an insulator?

Where have you heard these terms before?

Conductor VS Insulator

Conductor: Material that transfers heat from one area to another.

Insulator: Materials that do not easily allow heat transfer.

Conductor VS Insulator

Materials that are good at conducting thermal energy are called thermal conductors.

Metals are especially good thermal conductors because they have freely moving electrons that can transfer thermal energy quickly and easily.

Materials that are poor at conducting thermal energy are called thermal insulators.

Down-filled snowsuits are good thermal insulators because their feather filling traps a lot of air, thus trapping heat.

Thermos Design #2

Based on knowledge gained thus far, revise your initial design.

Again, include your materials!

Section 2.5 - Heat Transfers by Convection and Radiation

Section 2.5 - Heat Transfers by Convection and Radiation

Heat Transfer: Convection

  • Heat transfer in liquids and gases that occur in a circular pattern.

Eg. Pot of water

Kinetic energy is transferred to the pot. Thermal transfer of energy causes the water at the bottom to heat up and rise to the top. This pushes the cooler water to the side which then has no where to go but down.

Convection in a Hot Air Balloon

Heat Transfers by Radiation

Radiation is the transfer of energy by invisible waves that can travel great distances.

Energy transferred from its source by radiation is called radiant energy.

Reflect or Absorb?

Matter can reflect or absorb radiant energy. Objects that are shiny and light coloured are good reflectors of radiant energy.

So on a hot,sunny summer day, to stay cool, you would probably choose light- coloured clothing.

Dark and dull objects are good at absorbing radiant energy.

https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=559290844412549

Thermos Design #4

Based on knowledge gained thus far, revise your initial design.

Again, include your materials!

3.0

Understanding

heat and temperature

helps explain natural phenomena and

technological devices.

3.1 Natural Sources of Thermal Energy

3.1 Natural Sources of Thermal Energy

Natural Sources of Thermal Energy:

https://www.facebook.com/What.If.science/videos/1354881117997595/?v=1354881117997595

1 . Solar Energy -

energy from the sun

2. Geothermal Energy - remains deep inside earth. “Geo” means Earth, and “thermal”means heat.

Natural Sources of Thermal Energy:

3. Fire -

Fires consume fuel and convert them into different types of energy.

4. Decay -

The breakdown of dead plants and animals releases thermal energy.

Solar Energy

This type of thermal energy is produced by the nuclear reactions that happen inside of the star that is our sun.

Every 40 min, the level of energy that comes to Earth is equivalent to the energy used by humans over the period of a full year.

Solar Energy

Solar energy, or energy given off by the sun, is the most important source of thermal energy for life on Earth.

This type of thermal energy is produced by the nuclear reactions that happen inside of the star that is our sun.

Every 40 min, the level of energy that comes to Earth is equivalent to the energy used by humans over the period of a full year.

USING THE SUN’S ENERGY FOR SOLAR HEATING

Solar heating systems are of two types: passive or active.

1. PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

Passive system is heat energy coming directly from the sun’s rays.

It is designed to heat a building without fans or pumps.

1. PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

The basic approach for passive solar heating is simple: reduce heat loss and increase heat gain from the sun.

This means insulating the building as much as possible and placing most of the windows on the south side.

A large overhang above the windows shades them from the summer sun, so the building doesn’t become too hot. In the winter, the rays of the low sun bring radiant energy into the rooms. The warmth this produces is carried to the other rooms in the building by convection currents.

1. PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

Other materials help:

- double paned glass

- special window coatings

- brick or stone wall inside rooms (stores heat during day, releases at night)

2. ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING

  • Active system requires a mechanical device to transfer solar energy.

--> Solar Panels!

2. ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING

  • made of three components: a collector, a heat storage unit, and a heat distribution system.

2. ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING

How it works...

1. Cold water is pumped to the panel

2. The water is heated by the rays and piped down to the storage tank

3. When needed the hot water will flow through copper piping through out the house, releasing radiant energy

Solar Energy and Electricity?

- solar panels can be used to collect thermal energy and convert it to electrical.

- these are being used more and more!

Pros and Cons of Solar Heating

Create a T-Chart and write down what you believe some of the benefits and drawbacks of solar heating are.

Support Your Opinion

An ideal site for solar:

Faces true south or close to true south.

Has 100% solar access year round. No shading from trees or buildings to the south.

Due to the inefficiency of current systems, school energy costs are estimated at about 25% more than what is actually necessary for daily operation. According to SchoolEnergySaving.com, the average school building in the United States is 42 years old. These aging buildings were not designed with today's student population in mind. Modern technology has significantly increased the energy loads a school must meet.

Solar power provides a more efficient way for schools to meet their energy needs. A single silicon solar panel produces as much energy over its 30- to 40-year lifespan as a nuclear fuel rod. Efficiency of power generation results in cost savings as well as substantial ecological benefits. For every 1 kW/hr of solar energy that is produced, 300 lbs of carbon is kept out of the atmosphere.

The electricity generated yearly from these systems represents a combined value of $77.8 million. This combined value is enough for nearly 2,200 new teachers’ salaries or 155,000 tablet computers for classroom use.

Disadvantages of Solar Energy

A disadvantage is that the sun doesn't shine 24 hours a day. When the sun goes down or is heavily shaded, solar PV panels stop producing electricity. If we need electricity at that time, we have to get it from some other source. In other words, we couldn't be 100% powered by solar panels.

LOCAL EXAMPLES...

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/ron-kube-electricity-solar-1.4493950

EPCOR RIVER VALLEY SOLAR FARM-Edmonton Water Treatment Plant

Province announces solar energy projects to be constructed in southeast Alberta

- Feb 16

https://everythinggp.com/article/551940/province-announces-solar-energy-projects-be-constructed-southeast-alberta

https://globalnews.ca/news/4937358/solar-energy-city-calgary-dp-energy-proposal/

Calgary Solar Farm

-Feb 7

Edmonton River Valley Couple sells energy to the city!

WORLDS 6 COOLEST PROJECTS...

https://inhabitat.com/the-worlds-6-coolest-solar-powered-projects/solar-vatican/

WORLDS 6 COOLEST PROJECTS...

https://inhabitat.com/the-worlds-6-coolest-solar-powered-projects/solar-vatican/

Heating System Technologies

Section 3.2

Heating System Technologies

Thermostats

Heating systems are controlled by thermostats.

Thermostats:

  • used to control the air temperature in indoor environments.
  • used to regulate temperatures in electrical devices, such as ovens or air conditioners.

“Thermo” = heat

“Stat” = stay the same

  • A traditional thermostat has two pieces of different metals bolted together to form what's called a bimetallic strip (or bimetal strip).

  • The strip works as a bridge in an electrical circuit connected to your heating system. Normally the "bridge is down", the strip carries electricity through the circuit, and the heating is on.

  • When the strip gets hot, one of the metals expands more than the other so the whole strip bends very slightly.
  • Eventually, it bends so much that it breaks open the circuit.

  • The "bridge is up", the electricity instantly switches off, the heating cuts out, and the room starts to cool.

Heating Systems

Local heating systems:

  • provide heat for only one room or a small portion of a building.

  • ex: Fireplaces, wood-burning stoves and space heaters are examples.

Heating Systems

Central heating systems:

  • Provide heat from a single, central source, such as a furnace.

  • Heat transfers throughout the building through pipes, ducts, vents

ex: furnaces

Central Heating Systems

Type 1: Forced Air Heating

- air is heated

-hot air travels through ducts

-cold air comes back and gets recycled

(traditional furnace!)

Central Heating Systems

Type 2. Hot Water Heating

- water is heated

-water travels through pipes

-radiators in rooms get warmed by water

- radiators "radiate" heat

-water recycles back to the boiler

Convection at Work

In each of the two systems described, convection is working to transfer the heat evenly throughout the building.

How Does a Fridge Work?

Make a prediciton based on the image provided!

Keeping Cool

Thermal energy: needed to run refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners.

1. Hot gas in the coils meets the cooler air temperature of the kitchen, it becomes a liquid.

2. Now in liquid form at high pressure, the refrigerant cools down as it flows into the coils inside the freezer and the fridge.

3. The refrigerant absorbs the heat inside the fridge, cooling down the air.

4. Last, the refrigerant evaporates to a gas, then flows back to the compressor, where the cycle starts all over.

3.3 Heat Loss and Insulation

Insulation Mini Lab

On the provided sheet, you will be recording the temperatures of water over a period of time.

There are four different types of cups that will hold this water:

Paper Starbucks Cup

Thermos Cup

Ceramic Mug

Plastic Red Solo Cup

Insulation Mini Lab

Throughout today's lesson, we will be checking the temperatures of the water in each of the cups.

We are trying to determine which cup is the best INSULATOR...

Prior Knowledge:

What is an insulator?

Insulation Mini Lab

Your Job:

1) Make a hypothesis: based on prior lessons, make a hypothesis about which cup will be the BEST insulator.

2) Record the temperatures that I read throughout the class.

3) Rate the cups' R-Values.

4) Create a graph that illustrates the results of the test.

INITIAL TEMPERATURES...

We will check the temperature again in 3 minutes!

3.3 Heat Loss and Insulation

  • One of the challenges for Albertans is to keep the temperature of their building comfortable.

Winter: keeping cold air out and holding warm air in.

Summer: opposite is true.

Insulation

Insulation: used to reduce heat loss and limit cold air from entering buildings.

At your tables BRAINSTORM...

What materials do we typically see used when building houses?

Heat Loss

Infrared image of where heat is lost in a building.

Where do we see a lot of heat loss?

Where do we see little heat loss?

Heat in a typical home is lost from the roof, doors, walls and the windows.

Any time a house loses heat, it means that additional heat will be needed to replace the heat lost.

This costs $$$ and also hurts the environment!

Improving Insulation

Research into improving the materials to prevent heat loss is ongoing.

  • New windows, doors, siding, weather stripping, and insulation that are more efficient at reducing heat loss are constantly being developed.
  • System of rating these insulators has been developed to inform consumers how effective the material is.

R-Value System

Every insulator is given an R-value.

Higher the R-value, the most effective it is as an insulator.

Different areas of the home have different recommended R-values, depending on how what materials are used and how much space is available for insulation.

R-Value

The recommended R-values for homes:

​​ Attic = R-38 to R-44

​​ Sidewalls = R-11 to R-18

​​ Basement = R-10 to R-19

​​

Why would the materials in the basement have a lower R-Value than the Attic?

Based on the Results of our lab...

Rate the cups from greatest R-Value to lowest R-Value.

Graph your Results

Now that your data is complete, you will be creating a line graph to write out your results.

Build Your Own Vacuum Fla...

Build Your Own Vacuum Flask Project

Day 1: Investigate

What is a Vacuum Flask?

Assignment Objective

Students work in teams to develop an insulated liquid container that will keep hot water as warm as possible for 30 minutes using everyday items.

Students will need to devise a way to have a thermometer rest in the water and be able to read the temperature throughout the 30 mins.

They plan their design, execute and test their system and share their findings in a post-lab assignment.

Learner Objectives

  • Learn about insulation, heat transfer, and vacuums.

  • Learn about engineering design and redesign.

  • Learn how engineering can help solve society's challenges.

  • Learn about teamwork and problem solving.

Constraints:

  • Must fit in your teacher’s hand.
  • Must hold 250 mL of hot water.
  • Be structurally sound (doesn't easily fall apart).

You May:

  • Use a plastic red solo cup as the core.
  • Use any materials at home or from the store as long as they obey the “May NOT” section.

You May NOT:

  • Use a thermos/travel mug as the core.
  • Use materials only accessible to research laboratory personnel.

Assessment

Three phases of assessment: Pre, During, and After

During-Lab Assessment:

Safety and Testing

7.SCI.6.3.6 - Tests the design of a constructed device or system

0 - Does not have a finished prototype.

1 - Does not follow safety procedures during lab, and fails to effectively record data of prototype.

2 - Follows safety procedures, tests prototype, but misses some data/observations.

3 - Follows all safety procedure and successfully tests prototype and records all data.

Pre-Lab Assessment: Collaboration

7.SCI.6.4.5 - Works cooperatively with team members to develop and carry out a plan, and troubleshoot problems

0 - Off-task/does not cooperate with team throughout group planning.

1 - Cooperates with team, but does not actively contribute to the plan.

2 - Cooperates with team, and contributes to the plan.

3 - Cooperates with team, while also demonstrating leadership and contributing to the plan.

Post-Lab Assessment: Demonstrating Understanding

Will be given a post-lab reflection at the end of the lab.

Brands of Vacuum Flasks

How may a Vacuum Flask lose heat?

Think about the THREE WAYS heat can transfer...

Day 1: Investigate

How do Vacuum Flasks work?

How do these vacuum flasks address CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, and RADIATION?

Day 1: Investigate

Develop a Brief Design

You can begin to skecth out a design...

Start making a list of MATERIALS that you will need.

Task each member with bringing these materials OR talk to Miss. Lewis

4.0

Technologies that use heat have

benefits and costs to society and

to the environment.

√4.1 Looking At Different Sources ...

√4.1 Looking At Different Sources of Heat

There are two types of natural resources in the environment: renewable and non-renewable.

Renewable energy sources: can be replaced.

Non-renewable energy sources: cannot be replaced.

– once they are used up, they are gone.

Focus On Fossil Fuels

Energy resource: anything that can provide energy in a useful form.

  • Most energy supplies come from fossil fuels (in Alberta and throughout the world).

Fossil Fuels: chemicals from plants and other organisms that died and decomposed millions of years ago and have been preserved underground.

Economic impacts:

price of gasoline, drilling, processing, transporting, exploration, anti-pollution technology

Environmental Impacts:

global warming, changing climate zones around the world, plant growth, depleted water resources thermal pollution

Societal Costs:

pollution causes health problems, rising health care costs, treating polluted lakes

Alternatives for Thermal Energy

Wind Energy

  • Wind energy is energy of moving air.

  • As sun heats up the air, warm air rises and cools off.

  • Cooler air falls, creating the convection currents called thermals.

  • Convection currents: on a global basis, form the Earth's wind systems.

Windmill: a turbine (a wheel with fan blades), which is connected to a generator. When windmill spins, generator produces electricity.

Alternatives for Thermal Energy

Geothermal Energy:

  • Volcanoes, hot springs and geysers are sources of geothermal energy - energy from the interior of the earth.

  • thermal energy from these events produces hot water or steam which can be then piped to a power plant at the surface.

  • used to run turbines which produce electrical energy.

Alternatives for Thermal Energy

Nuclear Energy:

  • process using small amounts of radioactive uranium to produce vast amounts of heat.

  • The Canadian developed CANDU reator:

  • provides nuclear energy in many parts of Canada
  • sells this energy to other countries.
  • major problem is long-term storage of radioactive wastes.

Alternatives for Thermal Energy

Nuclear Energy Nuclear fission:

  • process using small amounts of radioactive uranium to produce vast amounts of heat.

  • The Canadian developed CANDU reator:

  • provides nuclear energy in many parts of Canada
  • sells this energy to other countries.
  • major problem is long-term storage of radioactive wastes.

Alternatives for Thermal Energy

Hydro-Electric Power:

  • Hydro-electric dams: use force of gravity which directs water from the reservoir, through gates in the dam to turn turbines

  • turbines are attached to generators

  • generators produce electrical energy from the mechanical energy of the generators.

  • This is very clean, renewable energy.

https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=940998422746024

Comparing the Options

Each energy source has its advantages and disadvantages.

When making choices about which type of system to utilize, take into account:

  • where, when and how energy will be used.

4.2 Energy Consumption

4.2 Energy Consumption

Energy Consumption- Reduce Energy Waste

Home Energy efficient products to upgrade energy wasting products.

Many things we can do at home to stop wasting energy.

4.10 pg.246

Transportation

Cars and Trucks: big energy wasters and contribute to problems we have in the environment, including nitrogen oxides which cause breathing problems and contribute to smog.

How can we reduce the environmental impact from transportation?

Industry

Industry: the biggest energy user.

Sometime, industry’s use of energy can harm the environment, but it is also responsible to find ways to reduce the negative impacts and find better ways to utilize the available energy and find better – more efficient – alternative sources of energy.

Being a Responsible Citizen

Making responsible decisions:

  • purchasing products and services that will have little negative impact on the environment and will promote a clean environment.
  • Making your voice heard, by supporting government that conducts research into helping environmentally friendly technologies develop
  • advance our knowledge about energy consumption.

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