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The production, transfer and transformation of heat energy plays an important role in meeting human needs through scientific innovation.
What is thermal energy?
What is the relationship between heat and temperature?
What are the environmental and economic consequences to using non-renewable resources?
Chapter 1.0
Human needs have led to
technologies for obtaining and
controlling heat.
EARLY THEORIES OF HEAT
However,some scientists soon questioned this theory.
For example, when a spoon got warm from the soup it rests in, why didn't the mass, or weight, of the spoon increase?
If caloric was a fluid like water, it should have mass.
All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
They are the building blocks of life!
Upon further study scientists began to understand that heat was not a substance, but rather an energy.
This energy comes from the movement of the tiny particles that make up all matter.
Your table group will be conducting an experiment that examines how molecules behave in different temperatures of water.
You will be filling out a lab sheet provided to your group for this experiment.
HOW DO WE CONTROL HEAT:
Shelter
Food
Water
Air
Clothing
In addition to creating heat, we need to be able to control it.
The best way to control heat is through technologies but what does this mean for the environment?
EXAMPLES OF SUSTAINABLE HEAT SOURCES?
Chemical Energy
Electrical Energy
Mechanical Forces
Geothermal Energy
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Body Heat Energy
At the end of the unit, each group will be making a THERMOS that will attempt to keep hot water at the highest temperature over a period of time.
Create your journals!
As we prepare for this task throughout the unit, you are going to constantly go back and refine your ideas and alter your prototype.
By the end, it is hoped that you have created the best possible thermos!
We are going to refine our ideas three times throughout the unit.
You need four pieces of lined paper.
Fold them in half to create a booklet.
Based on what you know about heat and temperature, create a thermos that you believe will be able to keep water hot for a long period of time.
Include your materials at the bottom of the sheet.
THIS IS AN INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY!
Chapter 2.0
Heat affects matter in different ways.
2. The tiny particles of matter are always moving and vibrating.
Solids = LOW kinetic energy so they only a little movement.
Liquids = MEDIUM kinetic energy so they have a medium amount of movement
Gasses = SUPER HIGH kinetic energy so they have tons of movement.
1. All matter is made up of tiny particles.
Different substances are made up of different particles.
This means every object (in any state) is made up of tiny particle too small to see.
3. The particles of matter may be attracted OR bonded together.
(Solid Particles)
Some particles, (like water) have more attraction for other particles; like salt or sugar than for each other. This is why water is so good at dissolving solids.
4. The particles have spaces between them.
Solids = Very close
Liquids = Associated
Gasses = As far apart as they can get
Complete Question #1 on page 197
Working in small groups, rank the following substances in order from most solid-like to most liquid-like to most gas-like.
• a brick
• Jell-O
• sugar
• nutella
• orange juice
• steam
• Play-Doh
• tomato sauce
• air
• green slime
Which substances were most difficult to classify as solid, liquid or gas?
Explain why
they were difficult to classify.
Separate the substances into three categories: solid,liquid or gas.
Section 2.2 - Heat and Temperature
In this section, we will be discussing the difference between:
1) Temperature
2) Thermal Energy
3) Kinetic Energy
4) Heat
Please draw these two servings of SOUP in your notes...
Temperature is a term you are likely familiar with.
Temperature is the measure of how hot or cold something is.
We measure temperature using the units:
Celsius (o C)
Fahrenheit (o F)
Kelvin (K) this is what most scientific equations use.
LABEL BOTH BOWLS OF SOUP AS BEING 70 o C
Both bowls of soup are the same TEMPERATURE...
Do the particles in the bowl have the same kinetic energy?
The thermal energy of a substance is the total kinetic energy of all the particles the substance contains.
Which bowl of soup would have more THERMAL ENERGY?
Heat is thermal energy in transit.
Heat is the energy that transfers from a substance whose particles have a higher kinetic energy to a substance who particles have a lower kinetic energy.
EX) When the burner of a stovetop is very hot, it is a source of heat energy. Anything placed onto the stovetop and warmed, whether a pot of tea or a skillet for frying eggs, also become sources of heat energy.
If our soup became cold, which of the two quantities of soup would require more HEAT to reach 70 oC?
Analyze the following situation...
When making popcorn, I put butter into a glass mug. I put the mug into the microwave to melt the butter for the popcorn. After I had put the butter on the popcorn, I rinsed the mug out in the sink with cold water. The mug immediately cracked. Why???
Thermal expansion is the process of expansion of a substance caused by an increase in thermal energy.
Thermal expansion can occur in gases, liquids, and solids.
Analyze the pictures below and determine where thermal expansion has occurred or could possibly occur.
Uh oh...
Didn't plan for thermal expansion!
Observe what happens to the air in balloon when it is heated up.
What is happening to the air particles within the balloon?
Watch carefully what happens to the water level when placing the beaker into HOT water, and then into COLD water.
Why does this happen? Use correct TERMINOLOGY when explaining...
Contraction, expansion, kinetic energy
Based on what you've learned today...
If it is VERY cold outside and your tire sensor comes on telling you to fill your tires, should you do it?
Why or why not?
As we already know...
Heat transfers in one direction: from areas of high kinetic energy (hot) to areas of low kinetic energy (cold).
Today, we are going to learn how heat transfer occurs through a process called conduction.
Conduction is a
CHAIN REACTION!
energy between
substances that are
in contact with each
other.
According to the law of Conduction... What will happen to the ice cubes?
How many points of heat transfer through CONDUCTION can you count?
Conductors VS Insulators
What is a Conductor? What is an insulator?
Where have you heard these terms before?
Conductor: Material that transfers heat from one area to another.
Insulator: Materials that do not easily allow heat transfer.
Materials that are good at conducting thermal energy are called thermal conductors.
Metals are especially good thermal conductors because they have freely moving electrons that can transfer thermal energy quickly and easily.
Materials that are poor at conducting thermal energy are called thermal insulators.
Down-filled snowsuits are good thermal insulators because their feather filling traps a lot of air, thus trapping heat.
Based on knowledge gained thus far, revise your initial design.
Again, include your materials!
Eg. Pot of water
Kinetic energy is transferred to the pot. Thermal transfer of energy causes the water at the bottom to heat up and rise to the top. This pushes the cooler water to the side which then has no where to go but down.
Radiation is the transfer of energy by invisible waves that can travel great distances.
Energy transferred from its source by radiation is called radiant energy.
Matter can reflect or absorb radiant energy. Objects that are shiny and light coloured are good reflectors of radiant energy.
So on a hot,sunny summer day, to stay cool, you would probably choose light- coloured clothing.
Dark and dull objects are good at absorbing radiant energy.
https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=559290844412549
Based on knowledge gained thus far, revise your initial design.
Again, include your materials!
3.0
Understanding
heat and temperature
helps explain natural phenomena and
technological devices.
https://www.facebook.com/What.If.science/videos/1354881117997595/?v=1354881117997595
1 . Solar Energy -
energy from the sun
2. Geothermal Energy - remains deep inside earth. “Geo” means Earth, and “thermal”means heat.
3. Fire -
Fires consume fuel and convert them into different types of energy.
4. Decay -
The breakdown of dead plants and animals releases thermal energy.
This type of thermal energy is produced by the nuclear reactions that happen inside of the star that is our sun.
Every 40 min, the level of energy that comes to Earth is equivalent to the energy used by humans over the period of a full year.
Solar energy, or energy given off by the sun, is the most important source of thermal energy for life on Earth.
This type of thermal energy is produced by the nuclear reactions that happen inside of the star that is our sun.
Every 40 min, the level of energy that comes to Earth is equivalent to the energy used by humans over the period of a full year.
Solar heating systems are of two types: passive or active.
Passive system is heat energy coming directly from the sun’s rays.
It is designed to heat a building without fans or pumps.
The basic approach for passive solar heating is simple: reduce heat loss and increase heat gain from the sun.
This means insulating the building as much as possible and placing most of the windows on the south side.
A large overhang above the windows shades them from the summer sun, so the building doesn’t become too hot. In the winter, the rays of the low sun bring radiant energy into the rooms. The warmth this produces is carried to the other rooms in the building by convection currents.
Other materials help:
- double paned glass
- special window coatings
- brick or stone wall inside rooms (stores heat during day, releases at night)
--> Solar Panels!
How it works...
1. Cold water is pumped to the panel
2. The water is heated by the rays and piped down to the storage tank
3. When needed the hot water will flow through copper piping through out the house, releasing radiant energy
Solar Energy and Electricity?
- solar panels can be used to collect thermal energy and convert it to electrical.
- these are being used more and more!
Create a T-Chart and write down what you believe some of the benefits and drawbacks of solar heating are.
An ideal site for solar:
Faces true south or close to true south.
Has 100% solar access year round. No shading from trees or buildings to the south.
Due to the inefficiency of current systems, school energy costs are estimated at about 25% more than what is actually necessary for daily operation. According to SchoolEnergySaving.com, the average school building in the United States is 42 years old. These aging buildings were not designed with today's student population in mind. Modern technology has significantly increased the energy loads a school must meet.
Solar power provides a more efficient way for schools to meet their energy needs. A single silicon solar panel produces as much energy over its 30- to 40-year lifespan as a nuclear fuel rod. Efficiency of power generation results in cost savings as well as substantial ecological benefits. For every 1 kW/hr of solar energy that is produced, 300 lbs of carbon is kept out of the atmosphere.
The electricity generated yearly from these systems represents a combined value of $77.8 million. This combined value is enough for nearly 2,200 new teachers’ salaries or 155,000 tablet computers for classroom use.
Disadvantages of Solar Energy
A disadvantage is that the sun doesn't shine 24 hours a day. When the sun goes down or is heavily shaded, solar PV panels stop producing electricity. If we need electricity at that time, we have to get it from some other source. In other words, we couldn't be 100% powered by solar panels.
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/ron-kube-electricity-solar-1.4493950
EPCOR RIVER VALLEY SOLAR FARM-Edmonton Water Treatment Plant
Province announces solar energy projects to be constructed in southeast Alberta
- Feb 16
https://everythinggp.com/article/551940/province-announces-solar-energy-projects-be-constructed-southeast-alberta
https://globalnews.ca/news/4937358/solar-energy-city-calgary-dp-energy-proposal/
Calgary Solar Farm
-Feb 7
Edmonton River Valley Couple sells energy to the city!
https://inhabitat.com/the-worlds-6-coolest-solar-powered-projects/solar-vatican/
https://inhabitat.com/the-worlds-6-coolest-solar-powered-projects/solar-vatican/
Section 3.2
Heating systems are controlled by thermostats.
Thermostats:
“Thermo” = heat
“Stat” = stay the same
Local heating systems:
Central heating systems:
ex: furnaces
Type 1: Forced Air Heating
- air is heated
-hot air travels through ducts
-cold air comes back and gets recycled
(traditional furnace!)
Type 2. Hot Water Heating
- water is heated
-water travels through pipes
-radiators in rooms get warmed by water
- radiators "radiate" heat
-water recycles back to the boiler
In each of the two systems described, convection is working to transfer the heat evenly throughout the building.
Make a prediciton based on the image provided!
Thermal energy: needed to run refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners.
1. Hot gas in the coils meets the cooler air temperature of the kitchen, it becomes a liquid.
2. Now in liquid form at high pressure, the refrigerant cools down as it flows into the coils inside the freezer and the fridge.
3. The refrigerant absorbs the heat inside the fridge, cooling down the air.
4. Last, the refrigerant evaporates to a gas, then flows back to the compressor, where the cycle starts all over.
On the provided sheet, you will be recording the temperatures of water over a period of time.
There are four different types of cups that will hold this water:
Paper Starbucks Cup
Thermos Cup
Ceramic Mug
Plastic Red Solo Cup
Throughout today's lesson, we will be checking the temperatures of the water in each of the cups.
We are trying to determine which cup is the best INSULATOR...
Prior Knowledge:
What is an insulator?
Your Job:
1) Make a hypothesis: based on prior lessons, make a hypothesis about which cup will be the BEST insulator.
2) Record the temperatures that I read throughout the class.
3) Rate the cups' R-Values.
4) Create a graph that illustrates the results of the test.
We will check the temperature again in 3 minutes!
Winter: keeping cold air out and holding warm air in.
Summer: opposite is true.
Insulation: used to reduce heat loss and limit cold air from entering buildings.
At your tables BRAINSTORM...
What materials do we typically see used when building houses?
Infrared image of where heat is lost in a building.
Where do we see a lot of heat loss?
Where do we see little heat loss?
Heat in a typical home is lost from the roof, doors, walls and the windows.
Any time a house loses heat, it means that additional heat will be needed to replace the heat lost.
This costs $$$ and also hurts the environment!
Improving Insulation
Research into improving the materials to prevent heat loss is ongoing.
Every insulator is given an R-value.
Higher the R-value, the most effective it is as an insulator.
Different areas of the home have different recommended R-values, depending on how what materials are used and how much space is available for insulation.
The recommended R-values for homes:
Attic = R-38 to R-44
Sidewalls = R-11 to R-18
Basement = R-10 to R-19
Why would the materials in the basement have a lower R-Value than the Attic?
Rate the cups from greatest R-Value to lowest R-Value.
Now that your data is complete, you will be creating a line graph to write out your results.
Day 1: Investigate
Students work in teams to develop an insulated liquid container that will keep hot water as warm as possible for 30 minutes using everyday items.
Students will need to devise a way to have a thermometer rest in the water and be able to read the temperature throughout the 30 mins.
They plan their design, execute and test their system and share their findings in a post-lab assignment.
Learner Objectives
Constraints:
You May:
You May NOT:
Three phases of assessment: Pre, During, and After
During-Lab Assessment:
Safety and Testing
7.SCI.6.3.6 - Tests the design of a constructed device or system
0 - Does not have a finished prototype.
1 - Does not follow safety procedures during lab, and fails to effectively record data of prototype.
2 - Follows safety procedures, tests prototype, but misses some data/observations.
3 - Follows all safety procedure and successfully tests prototype and records all data.
Pre-Lab Assessment: Collaboration
7.SCI.6.4.5 - Works cooperatively with team members to develop and carry out a plan, and troubleshoot problems
0 - Off-task/does not cooperate with team throughout group planning.
1 - Cooperates with team, but does not actively contribute to the plan.
2 - Cooperates with team, and contributes to the plan.
3 - Cooperates with team, while also demonstrating leadership and contributing to the plan.
Post-Lab Assessment: Demonstrating Understanding
Will be given a post-lab reflection at the end of the lab.
Think about the THREE WAYS heat can transfer...
Day 1: Investigate
How do Vacuum Flasks work?
How do these vacuum flasks address CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, and RADIATION?
Day 1: Investigate
Develop a Brief Design
You can begin to skecth out a design...
Start making a list of MATERIALS that you will need.
Task each member with bringing these materials OR talk to Miss. Lewis
4.0
Technologies that use heat have
benefits and costs to society and
to the environment.
There are two types of natural resources in the environment: renewable and non-renewable.
Renewable energy sources: can be replaced.
Non-renewable energy sources: cannot be replaced.
– once they are used up, they are gone.
Energy resource: anything that can provide energy in a useful form.
Fossil Fuels: chemicals from plants and other organisms that died and decomposed millions of years ago and have been preserved underground.
Economic impacts:
price of gasoline, drilling, processing, transporting, exploration, anti-pollution technology
Environmental Impacts:
global warming, changing climate zones around the world, plant growth, depleted water resources thermal pollution
Societal Costs:
pollution causes health problems, rising health care costs, treating polluted lakes
Wind Energy
Windmill: a turbine (a wheel with fan blades), which is connected to a generator. When windmill spins, generator produces electricity.
Geothermal Energy:
Nuclear Energy:
Nuclear Energy Nuclear fission:
Hydro-Electric Power:
https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=940998422746024
Each energy source has its advantages and disadvantages.
When making choices about which type of system to utilize, take into account:
Energy Consumption- Reduce Energy Waste
Home Energy efficient products to upgrade energy wasting products.
Many things we can do at home to stop wasting energy.
4.10 pg.246
Cars and Trucks: big energy wasters and contribute to problems we have in the environment, including nitrogen oxides which cause breathing problems and contribute to smog.
How can we reduce the environmental impact from transportation?
Industry: the biggest energy user.
Sometime, industry’s use of energy can harm the environment, but it is also responsible to find ways to reduce the negative impacts and find better ways to utilize the available energy and find better – more efficient – alternative sources of energy.
Making responsible decisions: