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language and social identity
10
Language & Social Identity
By Riya Lalji
STANDARD & NON STANDARD
Ancient Languages (e.g. Coptic, Latin, etc..)
Effects of Colonization
Because the perception we have of ourselves is constantly shaped and changed by the people, social groups, and circumstances we meet, language is an essential component of who we are. Language is intimately related to context since we use language for specific purposes, like greeting others. An individual is more likely to develop the dominant language spoken by a group when they are a part of a social setting.
SOCIAL GROUPS & SELF IDENTITY
Historical Representation
in Literary
Works
CAT
Communication Accommodation theory developed and supported by Howard Giles in 1973, this postulate contends that people engage with one another and modify their speech, vocalizations, and hand gestures to accommodate others.
Since spoken language is a means of expressing group membership, people may adopt convergence to use language in a similar way to others in the group, or they may use divergence to appear unique or to show differences. CAT explores the idea that as individuals we do not like to appear different from those whom we spend time with so we change the way we seek to feel part of the group. An obvious example of this is in regional areas where people tend to change their accents.
Speech communities are groups that share values and attitudes about language use, varieties and practices. These communities develop through prolonged interaction among those who operate within these shared and recognized beliefs and value systems regarding forms and styles of communication.
SPEECH COMMUNITIES
Memory
Speech Disorders
Almost all cultures have some kind of stratification or grouping that gives some groups more access to better life styles than others. Historically, some social groups were permanently denied equality due to slavery and feudalism. Even though the law has abolished the caste system that divides Hindus into four primary categories, it is still in place today.
Although the roots of social class are complicated, they frequently have links to the linguistic standing of various groups therein.
Transitional class divisions may be obsolete in contemporary Britain, where social class is a key issue of discussion, even though they do exist to some level in other English-speaking countries. The British welfare system, with its universal health and education offerings, has contributed to the emergence of more acute class distinctions in Britain, just as it did in other English-speaking nations. The digital revolution and the development of new technological skills have created a class of afflicted individuals who cross traditional class boundaries. Yet, social anthropologist Kate Fox claims in her 2014 book Watching the English that class permeates every aspect of English life and culture; in contrast to other nations like South Africa and New Zealand, where social class has been distinguished due to significant opportunities.
LARGE GROUPS & SOCIAL STRATISFACTION
Alzheimer
Stuttering
Dreams
Autism
Death
Threats
Key studies on language of speech patterns and social class from which conclusions can be drawn
RESEARCH
Historical Manuscripts
William Labov 1966 NY
In order to make this idea easier to understand, Labov sought to determine whether individuals from various socioeconomic classes employed the linguistic variable (r) in distinctive ways (mainly whether they pronounced it or not).
The Social Stratification of English in New York City was the title of Labov's study conducted in New York. In other words, Labov sought to determine whether socioeconomic status affected how the (r) sound was spoken. He made the decision to analyze the speech of three different New York department store employees, ranging from a low-end, more working-class store to a high-end, middle- to upper-class store.
- William Labov
- Peter Trudgill
- the Great British
- Basil Bernstein
Peter Trudfill 1974, UK
Investigated a similiar indicator of language and social class and found that working class women were more aware of the morre prestigious form of pronounication
Peter Trudgill
Great British Survey
2011 saw a survey by BBC with 161,400 participants. The notions of the upper middle class and the working class in modern Britain, which are frequently shown in comedic programs, were determined to be out of date, yet distinct distinctions still exist based on wealth and access to technical expertise.
Great British
Basil Bernstein 1971
According to James Atherton of the Doceo Teaching and Learning Website on the internet, Basil Bernstein established the concept of restricted and elaborated language codes in 1971. He was interested in explaining why working-class students performed relatively poorly in language-based courses while outperforming middle-class students in mathematical disciplines because he was a teacher. According to Bernstein's view, social class and language are directly related. Speakers make use of shared knowledge and background information when speaking in the limited code. This kind of code fosters a sense of inclusion and a sense of group membership. Friends, relatives, and other close-knit communities may share restricted codes.
Basil Bernstein
Hate
Speech
Racist
Language
Standard AND Non Standard English
Linguistic Minorities
e.g. Nubians
Slang
Language
Dialects
Immigration
Non-standard English is an informal version of English. It usually contains slang and colloquialisms that wouldn't be used in more formal or professional settings. It's the opposite of standard English, which is defined by its use of proper spelling, grammar and punctuation.
1) Formal
2) Colloquial
3) Non standard
4) Frozen language
Language
and Social
Class
Bullying
Language
and Identity
Language
and Regional Variation
Crime and
Unemployment
Slangs...
Slangs
a type of language consisting of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people.
Slangs are forbidden in many languages because they can be insulting, in the past they had slangs that insulted other cultural groups.
Slangs spread quickly from their origin
schelp- a tedious trip
bagel and a schemear - bagel and cream cheese
uptown- travelling north in NYC
bananas- crazy
chai and arvo...(slangs from other languages)
they mark a social identity for groups who wish to be unique, when the popularity of the slang increases many join into the trend.
Jargon
Jargons
Jargon is occupation-specific language used by people in a given profession, the “shorthand” that people in the same profession use to communicate with each other. For example, plumbers might use terms such as elbow, ABS, sweating the pipes, reducer, flapper, snake, and rough-in.
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