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Health Literacy: "The ability to access, understand, evaluate, and communicate information as a way to promote, maintain, and improve health in a variety of settings across the life course."[8]
"Comprehensive school health education: provided by teachers trained to help students acquire health literacy, adopt healthy behaviors, and promote the health of others."[6]
"Despite CDC’s extensive efforts during the past 40 years to help schools implement effective school health education and other components of the broader school health program, the integration of health education into schools has continued to fall short in most US states and cities."[1]
In 2016, 80% of middle schools had policies to teach about tobacco, alcohol, and drug use prevetntion; 71% taught about HIV prevention.[6] Meaning about 1 in 5 schools may not be teaching their students this.
In 2014, the percentage of required physical education decreased as age increased, starting at 43% in kintergarden and ending at only 9% in 12th grade.[6]
Health literacy can be seen as a determinant of health.[8]
These include issues such as:
[6]
"The education system
as one major pathway for improving health literacy by integrating health knowledge and skills into the existing curricula of kindergarten through 12th grade classes."[1]
"The most effective means to improve health literacy is to ensure that education about health is part of the curriculum at all levels of education."[6]
"One study found that during the 2009–2010 school year, at a cost of $79 million, Massachusetts school nurses prevented an estimated $20 million in medical care costs, an additional $28 million in parent productivity costs, and $129 million more in teacher productivity costs."[6]
"One study of a combined nutrition, physical activity, and family engagement intervention reduced body mass index only among the 30% of participating students who were obese."[6]
Is research based and theory-driven.
"The most promising curriculum goes beyond the cognitive level and addresses health determinants, social factors, attitudes, values, norms, and skills that influence specific health-related behaviors."[5]
Addresses individual and group norms that support health-enhancing behaviors.
"An effective curriculum provides instructional strategies and learning experiences to help students accurately assess the level of risk-taking behavior among their peers (for example, how many of their peers use illegal drugs), correct misperceptions of peer and social norms, emphasizes the value of good health, and reinforces health-enhancing attitudes and beliefs."[5]
In other words, apply it to the students and what's actually going on around them.
Provides functional health knowledge that is basic, accurate, and directly contributes to health-promoting decisions and behaviors.
"An effective curriculum provides accurate, reliable, and credible information for usable purposes so students can assess risk, clarify attitudes and beliefs, correct misperceptions about social norms, identify ways to avoid or minimize risky situations, examine internal and external influences, make behaviorally relevant decisions, and build personal and social competence. A curriculum that provides information for the sole purpose of improving knowledge of factual information will not change behavior."[5]
Provides adequate time for instruction and learning.
"An effective curriculum provides enough time to promote understanding of key health concepts and practice skills. Behavior change requires an intensive and sustained effort. A short-term or “one shot” curriculum, delivered for a few hours at one grade level, is generally insufficient to support the adoption and maintenance of healthy behaviors."[5]
[1,5]
Students will comprehend concepts related to health promotion and disease prevention to enhance health.
Rational: "This standard includes essential concepts that are based on established health behavior theories and models."[5]
Students will demonstrate the ability to use decision-making skills to enhance health.
Rational: "Decision-making skills are needed to identify, implement, and sustain health-enhancing behaviors."[5]