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European Artwork Throughout History

Alexis Jakobsen

Early 16th Century

14th-15th Century

Mid 18th Century

17th Century

1860-1880

15th Century

1715-1774

Mid 16th Century

Mid 19th Century

Late 18th Century

Gothic Art

Cologne Cathedral

Gothic art is best defined and characterized by key components in Architecture. two of the main characteristics that are most memorable are the pointed arches and sharply pointed spires. The Gothic style of architecture also uses columns to the style is also defined by the stone they use to build the structures. the style is very intricate and uses complex designs

Cologne Cathedral shows the Gothic style through its symmetry, columns and pointed spires and arches. This cathedral has 2 symmetrical towers that have flying buttresses around and in them. The building has many pointed spires as that is a main characteristic of Gothic architecture which is very germanic in style. The design of the Cologne Cathedral takes inspiration from Amiens Cathedral to create the base of the building and the height. This Cathedral includes a lot of the emphasized characteristics and key components of the Gothic style and era, it has lots of columns, spires and pointed arches making the Cologne Cathedral is a great representation of this style.

Early Renaissance

The Creation of Adam

~Michelangelo~

Early Renaissance is defined as the beginning to a style of art that showcases the more realistic components of art. It is best shown through statues because it shows all of the natural elements of the body in a more realistic interpretation. The art is more flat and lacks depth. In contrast to the lack of depth and the flatness of the style, they added more emotion and realism into the face.

The Creation of Adam is one of the frescos in the Sistine chapel, and was painted by Michelangelo. This piece was painted with a style that is showing realistic and natural bodies and faces. This style really shows the detail that the artists went into while creating the positions and the movements of the piece, which was not seen before the renaissance. The Creation of Adam shows a deep meaning of religion and emotion behind it. On the right there is God, a muscular, gray-haired man reaching out to Adam, he is wearing all white which is a contrast to the dark colors of the figures surrounding him in the background along with a red robe. On the left, there is Adam, fully nude with a Muscular build, similar to God. He is also reaching out but he is more slouched. With both of their hands touching in the middle creating a focal point, both arms create leading lines directing the viewer into each part of the story. Michelangelo uses shadows in this piece to define the body's and natural shapes and curves of both figures, this creates the more realistic and natural storytelling of this style of art. The anatomy is very representative of what humans look in real life because of the shadows, depth, and detail that is put into this style.

High Renaissance

The Last Supper

~Leonardo Da Vinci~

The high renaissance style of art is the climax of renaissance art. It is a style that has fully adopted the techniques of early renaissance and everything in between. the style had a central composition. It incorporated the ideals of of classical humanism and realism fully. This style allowed the techniques of perspective and shading to be mastered.

The Last Supper was a mural painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. It contains a large amount of detail, especially in the anatomy and shading. Da Vinci uses techniques to make the anatomy and figures look as real as possible with great detail and realistic movements. This piece really shows his skills with human movement. The Last Supper has a lot of contrast between the dark and lights tones to create depth and show the separation of the back and foregrounds. The depth also allows the focal point to pop out, which is Jesus in the middle of the table in front of a very light window. Da Vinci uses shadows really well to create the definition of the anatomy and other objects in the painting as well, to show movement and realistic figures.

Mannerism

Statue of David

~Parmigianino~

Mannerism art style is defined by characteristics such as having exaggerated forms of real life, like long arms or necks but still realistic. It also incorporates humor and a playful feel in the style. This style sometimes incorporated animals, plants and other objects to create an abstract but still realistic feel. There was a rich and elaborate style to Mannerism art, all surfaces, flat or three dimensional were covered in patterns. This style always had a piece of realism and the natural world in it, to compliment the other contrasting style in Mannerism art.

In this painting called Madonna with the long neck by Parmigianino, it shows many characteristics of the Mannerism style. Madonna has a long neck and other body parts also, her baby has elongated limbs and features also. The figures are still pretty realistic and incorporate features from the real world. The shading helps the painting look not extremely flat and gives it some dimension. The shadows also add to the texture and patterns in the painting. There are rich colors and patterns in this painting that fit the Mannerism style very well. The style of the clothing draping over everything add to the illusion of the real world and incorporating the smallest bit of realism. There are many objects that the artist put in to make the painting feel ‘natural’ even though the actions in the painting are not the most natural. The most emphasized characteristic is the exaggerated body parts and exaggerated emotions of humor in this style of painting.

Baroque

Judith Slaying Holofernes ~Artemisia Gentileschi and Caravaggio~

The baroque style is defined by having clear detail allowing the ideas of drama and exuberance in painting, music, architecture and sculptures. This style had exaggerated motion and was very direct, dramatic and obvious that was meant to speak to all emotions.

Judith Slaying Holofernes is a painting by Artemisia Gentileschi and Caravaggio. This Baroque Style painting Makes the viewer question its emotional depths and the dark curiosity about it. This painting is focused mainly on the dark tones but also allows for some intense light to come through to create a focal point, which is the two small women killing a big man. The light shining in on the left also allows the artist to create shadows which adds depth and dark realism. This style is mainly focused and making the viewer feel deep emotions such as curiosity, fear, worry or anger. This piece leads to questions like, why are they killing him, let alone in such a vulnerable state -Sleep-, why are small women wanting and attempting to hurt a big man? it also allows for questioning of the facial expressions, why do they look so unbothered doing this to someone? And leaves the viewer with a sense of overwhelming emotion like horror.

Rococo

The Swing

~Jean-Honoré Fragonard~

The rococo style is defined by elaborate, asymmetrical and has more curved lines. It has a more pastel color palette. The style has a more decoration feel to it. Rococo has a playful, delicate movement to it, created with the use of its lines and colors.

This style was used by catholic churches in Germany and Austria.

The Swing, a painting created by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. This style of art is very delicate and intricate. This paintings focal point is the girl on the swing, her dress is very flowy and shows delicate movement. The artist has created a very eye-catching focal point because the young girl stands out with a soft but light pink colored dress against the dark pastel greens and the light shining through the trees. In this art style, the color palette is mostly pastel colors and this piece has many of those pastel shades. This painting shows the playful and young quality to it. It shows a beautiful youthful girl in a very flowy and decorative dress swinging in the middle of a shadowed garden. With a young man underneath her almost hiding in the bushes. This gives a feeling of riskiness and eroticism in contrast to the soft and delicate, intricate beauty of the rest of the painting. The artist uses pastel shadows and soft darkness to create soft beauty and movement in the piece

Neoclassicism

The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries

~Jacques-Louis David~

Neoclassical art focuses on characteristics from greek and roman mythology, creating scenes of a heroic figure. This style uses lighting to to create dramatic scenes in the art. They use vibrant primary colors, hard edges, and a clean style. The emotions that this style creates are dramatic and emotion filled coming from the Baroque style and the rococo style.

The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries is an 1812 painting by Jacques-Louis David. It shows the French Emperor Napoleon in his uniform in his study at the Tuileries Palace. One style characteristic of Neoclassical art is that of creating a heroic feeling character and at the time this was painted Napoleon wanted to be seen as just that. It uses lighting on only the right side to emphasize and add dramatic effect. Napoleon’s uniform has bright primary colors that stand out but still match the background. The main color of his outfit is white which makes him stand out and the gold shoulder pads and dark blue of his uniform play together to create an authoritative feeling. His stance being standing up with one leg forward and his surroundings like all of his work and his weapon, also play a big part in making him stand out in a heroic way. This style uses hard edges and a clean paint strokes to create harsh, deep emotions. The emotions that this style creates are dramatic and deep, with inspiration coming from the Baroque style and the Rococo style.

Romanticism

Wanderer above the Sea of Fog

~Caspar David Friedrich~

Romantic style art is focused on feelings, emotions and moods. It appeals to different kind of emotions and moods like spirituality, mystery and imagination. The brush strokes for this style is much more loose and not that precise. This style focuses on landscapes, revolution, religion, and beauty.

Wanderer above the sea of fog, a painting by Caspar David Friedrich. The romantic style of art is all about emotion and strength. The two mountains in the clouds on the right and left side are leading the focus into the man and creating the focal point. The man is standing tall at what the artist wants you to perceive as the top of the world. This technique creates an emotion of strength for the man. The artist added clouds at the bottom and at the top of the painting to allow the feeling that the man is bigger than something but also the emotion that nature is bigger than him. The brush strokes are very soft but still have saturation and density to them. The artist uses the lighting and light colored shades to create very dramatic movement with a lot of emotion. This piece shows the romantic style perfectly, even though we cannot see the facial expressions of the man we, as viewers, can still see through body movement/positions and dramatic landscape the deep emotion within this painting.

Impressionism

Arabesque No. 1

~Claude Debussy~

impressionism in music in western classical music. Impressionist music is characterized as having fluidity and being composed in short pieces. It focused on conveying moods and emotions through excitement and suggestion rather than a detailed, mathematical piece that you need to analyze.

Impressionism music included a lot of atmosphere and fluidity surrounding the music that defines it. This style is best represented by short musical pieces. Composers of this period such as Debussy created music like Arabesque No.1 which represents the fluidity and color of this style. This piece is full of color and speaks to listeners by the almost lyrical fluidity. Impressionism music was a movement in western classical music that focused on creating and conveying moods and emotions. Impressionism music included emphasis on the instruments that represents the flow of colours and emotions.

Realism

Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet

~Gustave Courbet~

Realism art is a true form of art that represents the subject in a natural and true way. It shows the nature of not only the style of how real the anatomy of all objects in the painting are but also the scenes that are painted are natural and exclude any representation of supernatural or exotic entities.

In this painting by Gustave Courbet the artist uses shadows to show the anatomy of the men in the painting. The shadows create movement for the nature in the background too. The men in the painting have realistic facial features and you can truly feel the emotion through the realistic anatomy. The positions of the men are very natural and comfortable, in a way people actually stand. The dog in the painting is doing the same, it is not posing it is just waiting for its owner, which is very realistic. The colors are very natural, not vibrant and exotic to create dramatic effect, they are earth tones and all flow with each other. The situation is nothing out of the ordinary it is just some hikers out on a hike in the morning. Realism art strived for the true form of life using shadows, colors and true anatomy.

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