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Introduction to research
207
HOW
WHY
nWhat
introduction to
Research and the scientific method
Science is a way of thinking
What does the word "science" mean to you?
RMTs used to be taught that it was a ci to treat patients with cancer
Were you taught this in school?
This statement is not based on recent or accurate information
The 2 methods upon which scientific knowledge claims are based....
Watch a video:
Rationalism
A way of acquiring knowledge through the use of reason or logic
Empiricism
A way of acquiring knowledge though observation and experience.
Asking Questions...
What? how? why?
Create a HYPOTHESIS
Asking Questions...
What? how? why?
Def: a highly specific statement that can be demonstrated to be true or false through the methodical gathering and analysis of empirical information
Falsification
and the accumulation of knowledge
Falsification
We have philosopher Karl Popper to thank for this concept.
Idea that science progresses best through demonstrating that a hypothesis is false.
Something is "true" only because no evidence to disconfirm it has come to light
Can you think of "facts" that you have learned that are no longer considered to be true?
Accumulation of knowledge
Briefly summarized with a quote from Albert Einstein...
"If I have seen farther than other men, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants."
Reproduciblility
Def: The capacity of a study to be repeated, preferably by a different investigator, and still produce the same or similiar results
Science is a social activity
Knowledge building is a social activity as much as it is a scientific one
What is though to be "Legitimate" can vary according ot the social norms and assumptions of a culture.
What is though to be "Legitimate" can vary according ot the social norms a...
can you think of examples where science has been distorted by the dominant culture?
Ethics in Health Care Research
2 of the most basic principles of ethical clinical research are...
1. TO fully inform participants about what the study procedures will entail
2. To do everthing possible to minimize potential harm to the participants
Belmont Report
Proposes that 3 core values should underlie all research endeavors:
Respect for persons
Beneficence
Justice
informed consent
What are the elements of informed consent outlined in the text?
Do these elements differ from what you learned in your massage therapy training?
Note:
Informed consent forms are signed by both participants and investigators, and are considered legally binding documents.
Note:
Institutional Review Boards
Qualitative
vs
quantitative
methods
* Use the text to review differences between qualitative and quantitative methods
qualitative methods
Research methods that rely on the collections and analysis of word-based experiential and observational data, instead of numbers.
COllecting data
- Interviews (most common)
- Journals
- Visual images
- Photojournals
- Drawings
Examples of research questions
- What process is used by massage therapy students to develop palpation skills?
- What does it mean to be an RMT?
- How do massage therapy students cope with stress?
Quantitative methods
Research methods based on the collection and analysis of numerical data.
Collection of data
- Questionnaires with number scales
- ex. Pain scale
- Biological measurements
- Chemical levels in body fluids
- Weight
- Temperature
- Movement measurements
- ex. Range of motions
Types of quantitative approaches
- Experimental approach
- Quasi-experiment approach
- Observational
mixed methods
- Refers to studies that use major elements of both qualitative and quantitative methods
Weighing the evidence
- Levels of evidence refers to the idea that there are varying degrees of credibility that different research studies can provide.
- 2 ways of comparing research study designs are:
Traditional hierarchy of research study designs
page 20
Note: Research study designs will be discused in greater detail in Module 4
Evidence circle
page 25
evidence-based medicine
“The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.”
–Center for Evidence-Based Medicine
improving patient outcomes
By combining the following concepts: