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2nd Trophic Level (primary consumer)
4th Trophic Level (tertiary consumer)
1st Trophic Level (producer)
3rd Trophic Level (secondary consumer)
The Arctic Willow is a producer that has adapted to living in Russia by growing long fuzzy hairs and growing close to the ground to avoid the wind chill. They get their energy from the sun, and are a large part of multiple animals diets, such as the Musk Deer.
The Arctic willow is commonly used as medicine, because of it's ability to clot blood faster. They are also the only wooden plant that grows so far above the tree line.
Caribou Moss is a very common producer is Russia. They grow on rocks and provide sustenance for animals like the Arctic Hare. They are also nitrogen fixers, which means they pull nitrogen out of the air and turn it into nutrients they store in the soil.
Caribou moss has the ability to break down rock and turn it into soil, and it can last decades without water, because it just shrivels up until it is watered, and it "comes back to life."
Bearberry is an evergreen shrub that grows paddle shaped leaves with little hairs on them to resist the harsh weathers of Siberia. It provides reddish berries that are a staple in the Siberian Brown Bear's diet.
Bearberries can kill you.
They contain toxic chemicals that are lethal in high doses. It only takes 100 grams to kill humans.
The Pasque flower is a native tundra plant that grows low to the ground to conserve heat, and has many small silky hairs on it for the same reason. It is a good energy source for animals like the musk deer.
The Pasque flower is useful for treating cataracts, which is opacity on the lens of the eye, that can cause blindness.
The Lemming is a small animal usually found near tundra biomes. They live underground to escape predators, and are omnivorous themselves, eating leaves and nuts, but insects as well when available.
Lemmings are six inches long, and in myth commit mass suicide every year by jumping off of seaside cliffs.
The Arctic Hare is a scavenger and herbivore. It typically eats small flowers and grass, about one kilogram of vegetation per day. Hares have adapted to change their fur coat to white in winter to camouflage from predators.
Arctic Hares can run at a top speed of 60 km/h, which is 20 km faster than their european counterparts. They have an average lifespan of eighteen months in captivity, which is much shorter than in the wild, which is about five years.
The Siberian Flying Squirrel is a small rodent the size of a pine cone. They are omnivorous and typically eat fruits and leaves, as well as small bird eggs. Their natural predators include hawks and owls.
The longest Siberian Flying Squirrel's "flight" was recorded at 300 ft, which is as long as three blue whales, or just under a football fields length. Flying Squirrels eat very little, only about ten grams a day.
The Siberian Musk Deer is found only in Russia, in mountain ranges, and is also called the Alpine Musk Deer. They are herbivores and eat pine cones and berries, and are prey to tigers and leopards.
Alpine Musk Deer have fangs.
They lack antlers, so the males will use the fangs during mating season to fight for a mate. They are endangered to the brink of extinction, and are only as big as a husky.
The Lynx is a carnivore, and eats small animals, such as mice, but prefer to eat Arctic Hares. They live in the mountains, because the rocky shelves and crevices give them perfect hunting opportunities, as they prefer to pounce on their prey instead of running them down.
Lynx can hear a mouse running over 250 feet away, and have paws that act as snowshoes, allowing them to run on top of snow.
The Arctic Fox is an opportunist scavenger, and also preys on lemmings and mice. It's fur changes with the seasons, to help camouflage it from predator and prey.
It has adapted to have small pointy ears that help it hear prey running underground, and the fox is monogamous, meaning they mate for life.
The Peregrine Falcon is a very endangered animal that was almost put to extinction through use of DDT. It eats rabbits and mice and other small animals, and has adapted to polar conditions to have thicker feathers.
The Peregrine Falcon is by far the fastest bird in the world, reaching speeds as high as 400 km/h in a stoop - faster than some of the worlds top supercars. Their vision is also eight times better than our own, called "binocular vision."
The Wolverine is the largest member of the weasel family, and resembles a small bear. They are carnivorous and very territorial, typically eating rabbits and carrion, but have been known to attack animals as big as caribou. They have very short legs and will not chase down prey, preferring instead to wait and pounce on animals that wander into their hunting grounds.
Wolverines can cross up to 20 km every day in search for food. There territory can also be as big as 600 km, in order to have enough food sources.
The Arctic (Gray) Wolf is a staple to tundra ecosystems. They hunt many animals, from rabbits to moose, and travel in packs. They weigh up to 180 pounds and grow about 2 meters long, and work together to take down prey, surrounding it and running it down.
Wolves gorge food when given the chance, and can eat up to 22 pounds of food in one sitting, storing the energy, as they may not eat like that again for a number of weeks when prey is scarce. The pack's territory can be massive, up to 2600 square kilometers to ensure enough prey to eat.
The Siberian Brown Bear is an omnivore that preys mostly on rabbits and elk, but has been known to hunt animals like the wolverine. It stands about four feet tall at the shoulder, and eight feet long, weighing about 1600 pounds on average.
Unlike it's North American cousins, the Siberian Brown Bear does not hibernate, instead choosing to move to warmer southern climates. It is also toweringly tall, measuring about ten feet on it's hind legs.
The Gyrfalcon is the largest species of the falcon family, and eats mostly other birds, such as owls or ptarmigan. They spend most their winters perched on sea ice, hunting sea birds far away from land.
Gyrfalcon's can fly to very high altitudes that only eagles can match, and is the worlds fastest bird in level flight, at speeds of 70 km/h without the help of gravity.
The Siberian Tiger is the biggest cat in the world, and is also endangered. Their average size is eleven feet long and 700 pounds, and can climb trees, which is terrifying. They are large and fast enough that they regularly hunt and kill bears, by biting their spinal column and paralyzing them. Nothing is the natural predator of this animal, and it eats everything from a mouse to an Amur Leopard.
The Siberian Tiger is the largest cat in the world, but is still ridiculously fast, having been clocked at 96 km per hour, which is over double Usain Bolt's fastest run. They cannot hold this speed for very long, and typically only reach these speeds when hunting. Their bite force is 1050 pounds per square inch, (psi,) which is seven times stronger than a human bite, and enough force to bite through a human femur.