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Rhotic Vowels + Unstressed Syllables

S1141041 陳金億、S1141049 黃科維、S1141050 王昱凱

日化元音

Rhotic Vowels

  • Common in English & Modern Standerd Chinese (ex. assert、work、里→兒)

  • It cannot be described as high or low, front and back, round or not round

  • A lowering in frequency of the third formant

Retroflex vowels

雙元音

Diphthongs

  • Standard BBC English is not rhotic and has diphthongs

  • Some speakers have a long [ ɛ ] instead of [ ɛə ]

ex. fairy , bearing

  • Some people have a centering diphthong [ ʊə ] in words such as poor, but this is probably being replaced by [ ɔ ] in most non-rhotic accents of British English

Different accents

[ɑ] and [ɔ]

Californian

  • one fewer vowel in the Californian system

ex. cot, caught

[æ] and [ɑ]

BBC

  • Both BBC English and American Newscaster

ex. fat, father

  • But BBC English has / ɑ / in glass and last, while American English has / æ /

Unstressed Syllables

非重讀音節

[ə]

  • Designate many vowels that have a central, reduced vowel quality.

  • British speakers

ex. better, farmer [ 'bɛtə, 'fɑmə ]

  • American Engllish

ex. better, farmer [ 'bɛtɚ, 'fɑrmɚ ]

(a very similar quality, but with added r-coloring.)

TABLE 4.1

非重讀音節

重讀音節

弱化音節

high-level

phonological transcription

  • emphatic / ɛmfætɪk /
  • emphasis / ɛmfæsɪs /

(makes / æ / into [ ə ])

  • [ ɔ, ʊ, u, aʊ, ɔɪ ] do not fit into this scheme of alternations in the same way as the other vowels.
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