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Memory
Our ability to store and retrieve information
Try to remember these three sentences
Let's Play a Game
1. The notes were sour because the seams split
2. The voyage wasn't delayed because the bottle shattered
3. The haystack was important because the cloth ripped
Now count backwards from 30
NEXT...
How did you do?
Let's try it again, but this time think:
1-Bagpipe Player
2. Cruise Ship Christening
3. Parachute Jumper
Rewrite the sentences
Psychologists believe that
memory consists in three
stores and information is
passed between all three.
In each, memory is processed, and stored differently and for different length of time
Three Box Model of Memory
Sensory=the Entryway/Holding Bin
Sensory
This is where information is "held" until selected
If it's not transferred from here it's lost forever
Visual images are store up to .5 seconds
Auditory stored up to 2 seconds
Short Term=Working Memory
Holds information for temporary use
Must then be transferred to Long Term
Can hold seven chunks of information
Lasts 30 seconds
Short Term
Long Term=File Cabinet
Information kept to be used later
Organized categorically or semantically (words vs. sounds)
Examples
-Procedural=how to do something
-Declarative=facts or data
-Episodic=personal experiences
Long Term
How are experiences
stored and transferred into memory?
Ways to Store Information
Automatic Processing
Automatic
-Effortless
-Hard to shut off
-Recorded Automatically
Effortful Processing
Effortful
-We remember only with attention/effort
-Can help move information from Short Term to Long Term
-Encoding Strategies help the process
Memory Strategies
Encoding Strategies
These allow us to "work on" material and move it from Short Term to Long Term Memory.
The more we "interact" with an idea the more likely it is to move to Long Term Memory
There are 3 ways to rehearse material
Rehearsal-Reviewing
1. Maintenance Rehearsal
>>Repetition
2. Elaborative Rehearsal
>>Associate new information with old information
3. Deep Processing
>>Focus on the meaning
Mnemonics are strategies used to encode, store, & retain information
Mnemonics
Imagery is the use of mental pictures
Imagery
Chunking means to organize information into meaningful units
Chunking
Not all memories are the same. There are many different types
Types of Memories
Explicit Memories
Explicit
Retrieving information not present
Ex-short answer/essay
Identifying information already experienced
Ex. Multiple Choice
We consciously recall an event or information
Implicit Memory
Relearning
Reviewing a task you already learned to complete it in less time
Implicit
Priming
When seeing one set of information helps to complete another task
Information we don't consciously remember
Flashbulb Memories
Recalling unique and highly emotional moments
November 22nd, 1963
Flashbulb
September 11th, 2001
Confabulation
When we remember something incorrectly
Confabulation
Autobiographical Memories
Autobiographical
The stories of our lives that mature as we mature
Sensory Memories
Our senses actually play a role in what we capture
Sensory
Our ears can capture the sounds
Our eyes can capture the exact representation of a scene
Why we Forget
Why We Forget
According to the Decay Theory memories will fade if not recalled
"Use it or lose it"
Old password or phone number
Decay
In the Replacement Theory the belief is that new information sometimes wipes out old information
Replacement
Things that are similar can "Interfere" with one another
Interfere
Retroactive=new interferes with old
Proactive=old interferes with new
Cue-Dependent Forgetting
Cues
This is when we aren't able to recall information because we don't have enough clues
Mood-Congruent Memory
Often easier to remember how something made us "feel"
Mood
We often remember experiences that are consistent with our mood and forget those that are not
Repression
To deal with something painful we may push upsetting information to our subconscious mind
Repression
Memory Impairments
Memory Impairment
Certain neurological disorders can lead to memory impairment. The two we will focus on are Alzheimer's Disease and Amnesia
Amnesia
This is defined as the loss of memory including:
-Facts
-Information
-Experiences
Amnesia
Caused by damage to certain areas of the brain-impact new memories or past events
Resolves on it's own or treated with psychotherapy
Alzheimer's Disease
This form of dementia affects memory, thinking, and behavior
It's progressive (worsens over time)
No cure--only medication to slow the process