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1
1.1 Atom
Ch#1 BASIC CONCEPTS
Lecture by:
Sir Rizwan Shakir
ATOM
History
CONCEPTS:
Greek Philosophers
"Matter could be divided into smaller and smaller particles to reach a basic unit called Atom which cannot be further divided."
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS
He named such particles as Atoms.
Derived from the word "Atomos" meaning "Indivisible".
Democritus
DEMOCRITUS
John Dalton
- Law of Conservation of matter
- Dalton Atomic theory
JOHN DALTON
H
Definition
O
Definition Of Atom
"The smallest Particle of an Element which can take part in a chemical reaction."
E.g.s
He
Ne
Fundamental Particles
- Protons
- Neutrons
- Electrons
Shown as,
of Oxygen atom
Fundamental Particles Of Atom
J.Berzelius
Contributions of J berzelius
- Determined the atomic masses of elements
- Also developed the system of giving element a symbol
Evidence of
Atom
Evidence of Atoms
"It is not actually possible to see atoms so we use an electron microscope."
Ordinary Optical
Microscope
Electron Microscope
Magnification of 15 million
Upto or above 500nm
Explanation
MOLECULE
"The smallest particle of a pure substance which can exist independently"
MOLECULE
H
O
Examples
EXAMPLES
- A molecule of Water
Atomicity
Number of Atoms present in a molecule determines its atomicity.
Atomicity
- Monoatomic
- Diatomic
- Triatomic
Types
TYPES
Types:
Cation
ION
"Species which carry either positive or negative charge"
Anion
CATION
A
Whenever an atom loses an electron, cations are formed.
Formation
A
+
A sufficient amount of energy is required for ionization, hence called Endothermic process
+
e
-
Na
+
K
+
Examples
EXAMPLES
Ca
2+
Sn
4+
ANION
e
-
+
Whenever an atom picks up an electron, anions are formed.
B
Formation
B
-
A sufficient amount of energy is required, hence called Exothermic process
F
-
Cl
-
Examples
EXAMPLES
Br
-
S
2-
Types:
CH
4
+
CO
EXAMPLES
+
Cationic
N
2
+
MOLECULAR ION
When a molecule loses or gains electrons, they form a molecular ion.
Anionic