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derivational affixes, inflectional affixes and determiners

SYntax Group 8

1. Chyntia Angelina (2030205111).

2. r. reza rajasa wardana (2030205123)

3. aulia nurul alfiah (2030205136)

Lecturer: Fitri Alya Okta Sukma, M.Pd

derivational affixes

A derivation is the formation of words by adding prefixes and suffixes to existing words and bases. This means that derivational morphemes have some lexical meaning and can combine with a limited subgroup of free morphemes or with other derivational morphemes to create a "new" word or change the meaning of a word or change the form-class of a word

Derivational affixes

There are some processes of derivational affixes according to Fromkin (2014):

Some derivational affixes do not cause a change in grammatical classes (Fromkin, 2014)

1. Noun to Adjective:

boy + –ish – boyish ,

virtue + -ous – virtuous ,

affection + -ate– affectionate ,

health + -ful,-healthful

alcohol + -ic – alcoholic

2. Verb to Noun: suffix : -al, -ance,

-ation, -er, -ist, -ion

acquitt + -al –acquittal,

clear + -ance – clearance,

accus + -ation –accusation,

sing + -er – singer,

conform + -ist – conformist,

predict + -ion – prediction

3. Adjective to Adverb: -ly

Exact + -ly – exactly,

free + -ly – freely

4. Noun to Verb: -ize, -ate, -en, im-, be-, en-, in

moral+ -ize – moralize,

vaccin + -ate – vaccinate,

hast + -en – hasten,

im- + prison – imprison,

be- + friend – befriend,

en- + joy – enjoy,

in- + habit – inhabit

5. Adjective to Noun: -ness, -ity, -ism, -dom

tall + -ness – tallness,

specific + -ity – specificity ,

feudal + -ism –feudalism,

free + -dom – freedom

6. Verb to Adjective: -able, -ive, -ory, -y

read + -able – readable,

create + -ive – creative,

migrate + -ory –migratory,

run(n) + -y – runny

7. Adjective to Verb: en-, -ize

en + large – enlarge,

ideal + -ize – idealize

1. Noun to Noun: -ship, -ity, -dom, dis-, un

Friend + -ship – friendship,

human + -ity – humanity,

king + -dom – kingdom,

dis + advantage – disadvantage,

un + employment – unemployment

2. Verb to Verb: un-, re-, dis-, auto-

Un + do – undo,

re - + cover – recover,

dis- + believe – disbelieve,

auto- + destruct – autodestruct

3. Adjective to Adjective: -ish, il-, in-, un-

Pink + -ish – pinkish,

il- + legal – illegal,

in- + accurate – inaccurate,

un-+ happy – unhappy

1. Noun Prefix

a. ante- meaning ‘before’: anteroom, antehall

b. anti- meaning ‘against’: antichrist, antipope, anti-Darwinism

c. ex- meaning ‘former’: ex-chancellor, ex-wife, ex-president

d. inter- meaning ‘among, between’: intermarriage, internation, interlink

e. re- meaning ‘again’: rebirth, reincarnation

DERIVATIONAL prefixes

2. Verb Prefixes

a. dis- meaning ‘negative’: to disagree, to disbelieve, to disobey

b. mal- meaning ‘badly’: to maltreat, to malpractise

c. mis- meaning ‘wrongly’: to mismanage, to misread

d. re- meaning ‘again’ : to rebuild, to reconsider

e. un- meaning ‘negative’ to undress, to unload

Disregard (v), (dis-) + regard (n)

DERIVATIONAL prefixes

3. Adjective Prefixes

a. bi- meaning ‘having two …’ bisexual, bilingual

b. dis- meaning ‘negative’: disobidient, disreputable

c. extra- meaning ‘outside’: extra-tropical, extraordinary

d. semi- meaning ‘half’: semi-official, semi-centennial

e. un- meaning ‘negative’ : unhappy, unkind

Irresponsible (adj), (ir-) + responsible (adj)

1. Noun Suffixes

a. –ee denoting ‘the person affected by the action’: addressee, employee

b. –er forming ‘an agent noun’ : baker, hunter

c. –ess denoting ‘a female person’ : hostess, stewardess

d. –ist denoting ‘a player or writer’: pianist, novelist

e. –ful expressing ‘a collective noun’ : handful, spoonful

Terrorism (n), terror (n) + -ism.

2. Adjective Suffixes

a. –able meaning ‘that can be –ed’: eatable, readable

b. –al meaning ‘of the nature of’ : brutal, cultural

c. –an changing geographical names into adjectives : Indonesian, Australian

d. –en meaning ‘resembling’: golden, wooden

Emotional (adj), emotion (n) + -al.

DERIVATIONAL suffixes

3. Verb Suffixes

a. –en forming verbs from adjectives : to darken, to deepen

b. –fy meaning ‘to make’: to certify, signify

4. Adverb Suffixes

a. –ly forming ‘adverb of manner’ : greatly, widely

b. –wise or –ways forming ‘adverb from nouns’ :

lengthways, lengthwise, sideways, sidewise

Diametrically (adv), diametrical (adj) + -ly.

Girls (n), girl (n) + -s.

1. Plural forms, such as:

-s book -books

-es Glass -glasses

-en ox -oxen

Child -children

Some plurals take a different morpheme:

datum --> data

medium --> media

moose --> moose

Fish --> fish

2. Possessions, such as:

John’s book

John and Mary’s house

A dog’s tail

Inflectional affixes

3. Third singular verb marker, such as:

Mother always cooks rice

Jack goes to school

He never watches TV

An inflection is a change that signals the grammatical function of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns (e.g., noun plurals, verb tenses). In other words, inflectional morphemes are used to create a variant form of a word in order to signal grammatical information without changing the meanings of words. Inflectional suffixes have grammatical meaning only and cannot precede a derivational suffix.

Inflectional affixes

4. Tense markers, such as:

She usually sits here. (present tense)

He worked hard yesterday. (past tense)

He has always eaten dessert. (past participle)

We are studying English. (present progressive)

Opposed(v), oppose (v) + -ed.

Longer(adj), long (adj) + -er.

5. Comparison degree :

Comparative: -er

taller

smarter

thicker

crazier

Superlative: -est

tallest

smartest

thickest

craziest

Article

definite article: the

The speaker or writer uses the when the hearer or reader knows specifically what is being talked about.

  • Example: The dog dug up the bushes.

A particular dog that both speaker and hearer know did the digging

indefinite article: a/an

The speaker or writer uses a/an when it cannot be assumed that the hearer or readers has specific knowledge of what is being talked about.

  • Example: A dog dug up the bushes.

Some dog that the speaker and hearer do not know did the digging..

Determiners

demonstrative

English has four demonstratives: this, that, these, and those. Just as with the definite article the, demonstratives are used when the speaker/writer and hearer/reader share specific knowledge of what is being talked about.

  • Please wash this car.
  • Please wash that car.
  • Please wash these cars.
  • Please wash those cars.

Determiners are structure-class words that precede and modify nouns both grammatically and lexically. Sometimes, nouns need determiners and sometimes they don’t:

POSSEsSIVES

Determiners

Possessives can serve the function of either determiner or pronoun. When acting as a determiner, possessives precede a noun:

  • my house (1st-person singular)
  • our coursework (1st-person plural)
  • your yard (2nd-person singular and plural)
  • his/her/its hair (3rd-person singular)
  • their business (3rd-person plural)

Possessive nouns (those nouns with the possessive inflection) are also considered a possessive determiner when followed by another noun:

  • the scholarship’s due date
  • the travel mug’s handle

  • You let the cat out of the bag! (The definite article the is a determiner.)
  • Your cats are driving me crazy! (The possessive your functions as a determiner.)
  • Cats will always eat some tuna. (The indefinite some functions as a determiner for tuna, but cats does not require a determiner.)

indifinites

Like definite articles, indefinites are used to refer to nonspecific nouns. They include words such as some, any, no, every, other, another, many, more, both, several, and each. The following sentences do not refer to any specific car or cars:

  • Please wash some cars.
  • Please wash other cars.
  • Please wash each car.
  • Please wash many cars.

number

Cardinal numbers can act as determiners when they precede a noun:

  • one hedgehog
  • two wheelbarrows
  • tree hundred applications

Ordinal numbers can combine with articles to act as determiners:

  • the first day
  • a second chance
  • the last man standing
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