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SYntax Group 8
1. Chyntia Angelina (2030205111).
2. r. reza rajasa wardana (2030205123)
3. aulia nurul alfiah (2030205136)
Lecturer: Fitri Alya Okta Sukma, M.Pd
A derivation is the formation of words by adding prefixes and suffixes to existing words and bases. This means that derivational morphemes have some lexical meaning and can combine with a limited subgroup of free morphemes or with other derivational morphemes to create a "new" word or change the meaning of a word or change the form-class of a word
There are some processes of derivational affixes according to Fromkin (2014):
Some derivational affixes do not cause a change in grammatical classes (Fromkin, 2014)
1. Noun to Adjective:
boy + –ish – boyish ,
virtue + -ous – virtuous ,
affection + -ate– affectionate ,
health + -ful,-healthful
alcohol + -ic – alcoholic
2. Verb to Noun: suffix : -al, -ance,
-ation, -er, -ist, -ion
acquitt + -al –acquittal,
clear + -ance – clearance,
accus + -ation –accusation,
sing + -er – singer,
conform + -ist – conformist,
predict + -ion – prediction
3. Adjective to Adverb: -ly
Exact + -ly – exactly,
free + -ly – freely
4. Noun to Verb: -ize, -ate, -en, im-, be-, en-, in
moral+ -ize – moralize,
vaccin + -ate – vaccinate,
hast + -en – hasten,
im- + prison – imprison,
be- + friend – befriend,
en- + joy – enjoy,
in- + habit – inhabit
5. Adjective to Noun: -ness, -ity, -ism, -dom
tall + -ness – tallness,
specific + -ity – specificity ,
feudal + -ism –feudalism,
free + -dom – freedom
6. Verb to Adjective: -able, -ive, -ory, -y
read + -able – readable,
create + -ive – creative,
migrate + -ory –migratory,
run(n) + -y – runny
7. Adjective to Verb: en-, -ize
en + large – enlarge,
ideal + -ize – idealize
1. Noun to Noun: -ship, -ity, -dom, dis-, un
Friend + -ship – friendship,
human + -ity – humanity,
king + -dom – kingdom,
dis + advantage – disadvantage,
un + employment – unemployment
2. Verb to Verb: un-, re-, dis-, auto-
Un + do – undo,
re - + cover – recover,
dis- + believe – disbelieve,
auto- + destruct – autodestruct
3. Adjective to Adjective: -ish, il-, in-, un-
Pink + -ish – pinkish,
il- + legal – illegal,
in- + accurate – inaccurate,
un-+ happy – unhappy
1. Noun Prefix
a. ante- meaning ‘before’: anteroom, antehall
b. anti- meaning ‘against’: antichrist, antipope, anti-Darwinism
c. ex- meaning ‘former’: ex-chancellor, ex-wife, ex-president
d. inter- meaning ‘among, between’: intermarriage, internation, interlink
e. re- meaning ‘again’: rebirth, reincarnation
2. Verb Prefixes
a. dis- meaning ‘negative’: to disagree, to disbelieve, to disobey
b. mal- meaning ‘badly’: to maltreat, to malpractise
c. mis- meaning ‘wrongly’: to mismanage, to misread
d. re- meaning ‘again’ : to rebuild, to reconsider
e. un- meaning ‘negative’ to undress, to unload
Disregard (v), (dis-) + regard (n)
3. Adjective Prefixes
a. bi- meaning ‘having two …’ bisexual, bilingual
b. dis- meaning ‘negative’: disobidient, disreputable
c. extra- meaning ‘outside’: extra-tropical, extraordinary
d. semi- meaning ‘half’: semi-official, semi-centennial
e. un- meaning ‘negative’ : unhappy, unkind
Irresponsible (adj), (ir-) + responsible (adj)
1. Noun Suffixes
a. –ee denoting ‘the person affected by the action’: addressee, employee
b. –er forming ‘an agent noun’ : baker, hunter
c. –ess denoting ‘a female person’ : hostess, stewardess
d. –ist denoting ‘a player or writer’: pianist, novelist
e. –ful expressing ‘a collective noun’ : handful, spoonful
Terrorism (n), terror (n) + -ism.
2. Adjective Suffixes
a. –able meaning ‘that can be –ed’: eatable, readable
b. –al meaning ‘of the nature of’ : brutal, cultural
c. –an changing geographical names into adjectives : Indonesian, Australian
d. –en meaning ‘resembling’: golden, wooden
Emotional (adj), emotion (n) + -al.
3. Verb Suffixes
a. –en forming verbs from adjectives : to darken, to deepen
b. –fy meaning ‘to make’: to certify, signify
4. Adverb Suffixes
a. –ly forming ‘adverb of manner’ : greatly, widely
b. –wise or –ways forming ‘adverb from nouns’ :
lengthways, lengthwise, sideways, sidewise
Diametrically (adv), diametrical (adj) + -ly.
Girls (n), girl (n) + -s.
1. Plural forms, such as:
-s book -books
-es Glass -glasses
-en ox -oxen
Child -children
Some plurals take a different morpheme:
datum --> data
medium --> media
moose --> moose
Fish --> fish
2. Possessions, such as:
John’s book
John and Mary’s house
A dog’s tail
3. Third singular verb marker, such as:
Mother always cooks rice
Jack goes to school
He never watches TV
An inflection is a change that signals the grammatical function of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns (e.g., noun plurals, verb tenses). In other words, inflectional morphemes are used to create a variant form of a word in order to signal grammatical information without changing the meanings of words. Inflectional suffixes have grammatical meaning only and cannot precede a derivational suffix.
4. Tense markers, such as:
She usually sits here. (present tense)
He worked hard yesterday. (past tense)
He has always eaten dessert. (past participle)
We are studying English. (present progressive)
Opposed(v), oppose (v) + -ed.
Longer(adj), long (adj) + -er.
5. Comparison degree :
Comparative: -er
taller
smarter
thicker
crazier
Superlative: -est
tallest
smartest
thickest
craziest
definite article: the
The speaker or writer uses the when the hearer or reader knows specifically what is being talked about.
A particular dog that both speaker and hearer know did the digging
indefinite article: a/an
The speaker or writer uses a/an when it cannot be assumed that the hearer or readers has specific knowledge of what is being talked about.
Some dog that the speaker and hearer do not know did the digging..
English has four demonstratives: this, that, these, and those. Just as with the definite article the, demonstratives are used when the speaker/writer and hearer/reader share specific knowledge of what is being talked about.
Determiners are structure-class words that precede and modify nouns both grammatically and lexically. Sometimes, nouns need determiners and sometimes they don’t:
Possessives can serve the function of either determiner or pronoun. When acting as a determiner, possessives precede a noun:
Possessive nouns (those nouns with the possessive inflection) are also considered a possessive determiner when followed by another noun:
Like definite articles, indefinites are used to refer to nonspecific nouns. They include words such as some, any, no, every, other, another, many, more, both, several, and each. The following sentences do not refer to any specific car or cars:
Cardinal numbers can act as determiners when they precede a noun:
Ordinal numbers can combine with articles to act as determiners: