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The Cardiovasuclar System
The Cardiovascular System
Anatomy of the Heart
Anatomy Of the Heart
The heart lies in the mediastinum.
Pericardium is what surrounds and protects the heart.
The heat wall consists of 3 layers:
- Epicardium-Located right beneath the pericardium. It also contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and other vessels that supply the myocardium.
- Myocardium- responsible for pumping action of the heart. It also makes up about 95% of the heart wall.
- Endocardium- Located in the valves and chambers of the heart.
Atrium takes blood from blood vessles and return it to the heart.
Right Atruim:
- Recieves blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and cornary sinus.
*Reminder these are veins, and veins carry blood towards the heart!*
- Main Function: Recieves deoxygenated blood sends it to the right ventricle then sends it to the lungs to becomes oxygenated.
- Contains tricuspid valve.
Right & Left Atrium
Left Atrium:
- Recieves blood from pumlonary veins.
- Main Function:Recieves the oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps through the rest if the body.
- Contains the bicuspid valve.
Ventricles take blood from the heart and put it into arteries.
Right Ventricle:
- Only function is to carry blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries.
*Reminder: Arteries carry blood away from the heart!*
Right & Left Ventricles
Left Ventricle:
- Thickest chamber of the heart.
- Main Function: Pump blood throughtout the entire body!
Take A Look!
Important Other Structures:
Apex- tip of heart.
Auricle- Little flaps on outside of atrium.
Anterior Interventricular Sulcus- Divides left and right ventricle on outside of heart.
Posterior Interventricular Sulcus- Divides ventricles also but on backside of heart.
Trabeculae Carneae-bundles of cardiac muscle which are found in the ventricles.
Chordea Tendineae- strings of the bicuspid and triscuspid valves.
Papillary Muscle-Ends of chordae tendineae.
Atrioventricular Valves
-These valves are kown as the tricuspid and biscuspid valves.
-These help for blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles.
NO
BACK
FLOW
Semilunar Valves
NO
BACK
FLOW
Valves of the Heart
-These valves consists of the aortic and pulmonary valves.
-These allow blood to flow from the heart into the arteries but does not let blood flow back into the ventricles.
Pulmonary Circulation- Circulation between the heart and the lungs. ( Right side of heart)
Systemic Circulation- Circulation between the heart and the body. ( Left side of heart)
Coronary Circulation- supplies blood to the myocardium.
Circulations of the Heart
Lungs
Pulmonary Circulation
Deoxygenated blood enters through the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava.
Dumps into the right atrium.
Goes the the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
When the ventricle is full the tricuspid valve shuts to prevent BACK FLOW from occuring.
Blood then enters through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries and to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated.
Oxygenated blood then goes back to the heart through the pulmonary veins.
NOW ON TO THE BODY!
Body
Systemic Circulation
Pulmonary Vein then empties the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium.
Blood then flows into the left atrium in to the left ventricle throught the bicuspid vavle.
The valve then shuts when the venticle is full to prevent BACK FLOW.
Blood finally leaves the heart through the aortic valve into the arota and then into BODY!
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Cardiac tissue usually only contains one nucleus.
Intercalated discs help the cardiac tissue connect together.
Demosomes hold the fibers together.
Gap Junctions allows action potentials to travel to other fibers in the tissue.Also allows myocardium in the heart to contract.
Muscle Tissue of the Heart
Conduction System
The Conduction System
Conduction System involves a group of specialized muscle fibers that provide a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to exert throughout the heart.
The Conduction System includes:
Sinoatrial (SA) Nodes- knows as the heart's "natural pacemaker". It generates electrical impulses to the atrium which causes it to contract and send blood to the ventricles.
Atrioventricular (AV) Node-
Contractile Fibers
Contractile Fibers of the Heart
Depolarization- Opens fast voltage-gated Na+ channels and allow Na+ ions to diffuse into the cell.
Plateau- Opens slow voltage-gated Ca+ channels. These ions move from the interstitial fluid into the cystol.This phase is very important in long duration in heart contraction.
Reploarization-the resting state. Voltage- gated K+ channels open, which restores the negative resting membrane.
Systole- is considered when the heart contracts.
Diastole- is considered when the heart is at rest.
1. Atrial Contraction- Blood rushes into the ventricles through the bicuspid valves.
Isovolumetric Contraction-
2.Venticles contracts, pressure builds up causing the bicuspid valve to close. The closing of the valve causes the first heart sound.
3.Ventricular ejection-blood is ejected rapidly into the aorta.
4.Isovolumetric Relaxation-Ventricles are relaxing with closed valves.
5. Ventricular Filling- Pressure in ventricle starts decreasing rapidly. When there is less pressure in the ventricle than in the atrium, the bicuspid valve opens up.
6. The cycle starts all over again.
Cardiac
Cycle
Auscultation- Listening to sounds within the body.
Lubb- known as the first sound. It is caused by the closure of the AV vavles.
Dubb- known as the second sound. It is caused by the closure of the SL vavles.
Heart murmur- is an abnormal sound consisting of clicking, rushing, or gurgling.
Heart Sounds
Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles into the aorta or pulmonary truck each minute.
CO= SV X HR
Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output= Stroke Volume multiplied by the heart rate.
Preload- How much the heart can stretch before it contracts.
Contractility- Forcefulness of the contraction.
Afterload- Pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles.