Introducing
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The heart lies in the mediastinum.
Pericardium is what surrounds and protects the heart.
The heat wall consists of 3 layers:
Right Atruim:
*Reminder these are veins, and veins carry blood towards the heart!*
Left Atrium:
Right Ventricle:
*Reminder: Arteries carry blood away from the heart!*
Left Ventricle:
Important Other Structures:
Apex- tip of heart.
Auricle- Little flaps on outside of atrium.
Anterior Interventricular Sulcus- Divides left and right ventricle on outside of heart.
Posterior Interventricular Sulcus- Divides ventricles also but on backside of heart.
Trabeculae Carneae-bundles of cardiac muscle which are found in the ventricles.
Chordea Tendineae- strings of the bicuspid and triscuspid valves.
Papillary Muscle-Ends of chordae tendineae.
Atrioventricular Valves
-These valves are kown as the tricuspid and biscuspid valves.
-These help for blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles.
NO
BACK
FLOW
Semilunar Valves
NO
BACK
FLOW
-These valves consists of the aortic and pulmonary valves.
-These allow blood to flow from the heart into the arteries but does not let blood flow back into the ventricles.
Pulmonary Circulation- Circulation between the heart and the lungs. ( Right side of heart)
Systemic Circulation- Circulation between the heart and the body. ( Left side of heart)
Coronary Circulation- supplies blood to the myocardium.
Lungs
Deoxygenated blood enters through the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava.
Dumps into the right atrium.
Goes the the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
When the ventricle is full the tricuspid valve shuts to prevent BACK FLOW from occuring.
Blood then enters through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries and to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated.
Oxygenated blood then goes back to the heart through the pulmonary veins.
NOW ON TO THE BODY!
Body
Systemic Circulation
Pulmonary Vein then empties the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium.
Blood then flows into the left atrium in to the left ventricle throught the bicuspid vavle.
The valve then shuts when the venticle is full to prevent BACK FLOW.
Blood finally leaves the heart through the aortic valve into the arota and then into BODY!
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Cardiac tissue usually only contains one nucleus.
Intercalated discs help the cardiac tissue connect together.
Demosomes hold the fibers together.
Gap Junctions allows action potentials to travel to other fibers in the tissue.Also allows myocardium in the heart to contract.
Conduction System
The Conduction System
Conduction System involves a group of specialized muscle fibers that provide a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to exert throughout the heart.
The Conduction System includes:
Sinoatrial (SA) Nodes- knows as the heart's "natural pacemaker". It generates electrical impulses to the atrium which causes it to contract and send blood to the ventricles.
Atrioventricular (AV) Node-
Depolarization- Opens fast voltage-gated Na+ channels and allow Na+ ions to diffuse into the cell.
Plateau- Opens slow voltage-gated Ca+ channels. These ions move from the interstitial fluid into the cystol.This phase is very important in long duration in heart contraction.
Reploarization-the resting state. Voltage- gated K+ channels open, which restores the negative resting membrane.
Systole- is considered when the heart contracts.
Diastole- is considered when the heart is at rest.
1. Atrial Contraction- Blood rushes into the ventricles through the bicuspid valves.
Isovolumetric Contraction-
2.Venticles contracts, pressure builds up causing the bicuspid valve to close. The closing of the valve causes the first heart sound.
3.Ventricular ejection-blood is ejected rapidly into the aorta.
4.Isovolumetric Relaxation-Ventricles are relaxing with closed valves.
5. Ventricular Filling- Pressure in ventricle starts decreasing rapidly. When there is less pressure in the ventricle than in the atrium, the bicuspid valve opens up.
6. The cycle starts all over again.
Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles into the aorta or pulmonary truck each minute.
CO= SV X HR
Cardiac Output= Stroke Volume multiplied by the heart rate.
Preload- How much the heart can stretch before it contracts.
Contractility- Forcefulness of the contraction.
Afterload- Pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles.