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Chinese Immigration To Australia
67
Andres Morocho
4/7/20
Chinese Immigration To Australia
Overview
Overview
This is my assigned photo.
This image shows the presence of Chinese peoples living in Australia.
I will focus on the brief history of Chinese immigration to Australia and the racism being endured.
History of Immigration of Chinese and Non-Europeans to Australia
Brief History of Chinese and Non-Europeans to Immigration To Australia
1858
- Before the Commonwealth of Australia was formed on 1 January 1901 the New South Wales colonial government administered its own immigration laws.
1858
- New South Wales Legislative Council had rejected an 1858 Bill to restrict the number of Chinese immigrants into the colony.
1861
Due to an influx of Chinese gold-seekers during the Australian Gold Rush...
- New South Wales Legislative Council passed the Chinese Immigration Regulation and Restriction Act.
The act was repealed, about 6 years later, in 1867 once the gold rush was in decline.
Australian Gold Rush
Gold Rush
- When gold was discovered in Australia, the volume of Chinese immigration significantly increased.
- In 1861, 38,258 people, or 3.3 per cent of the Australian population, had been born in China.
- The Chinese immigrants referred to the Australian gold fields as ‘Xin Jin Shan’, or New Gold Mountain. The Californian gold rush was in decline by the 1850s and had become known as ‘Jiu Jin Shan’, Old Gold Mountain.
- Chinese miners not only worked gold but also other metals such as tin, copper and a variety of other metals.
These images depict Chinese Gold Miners in Australia
Chinese Gold Miners
1881
- New South Wales later reintroduced legislation restricting the number of Chinese entering the Colony.
- The Influx of Chinese Restriction Act 1881 :
- entrance tax of £10
- limit on each ship of one Chinese passenger per 100 tons of ship's tonnage.
1881
Amended
The Influx of Chinese Restriction Act 1881 was Amended to strengthen restrictions.
- raising the poll tax to £100
- tonnage to one Chinese passenger per 300 tons
1887
1898 New Legislation
- In 1898 New South Wales enacted another restrictive law aimed at excluding all non-Europeans, including British subjects. This Act included a dictation test and retained the tonnage limits against Chinese immigrants introduced in the earlier legislation.
1898
What is a Dictation Test?
- It applied to all non-Europeans, in which applicants to enter the country was required to write out 50 words in any European language dictated by an immigration officer. A person who failed the test was deemed a prohibited immigrant and deported.
Dictation Test
What it looks like
1901
- The Commonwealth of Australia is established
- The Federal Immigration Restriction Act became law in December 1901.
1901
Details of the Act
- Use of a dictation test in any
European language (later amended to any ‘prescribed’ language).
The Federal Immigration Restriction Act
- The intention of the Act – to exclude all non-Europeans – was not expressed in the legislation, but in its implementation and in the policy behind it, which became known as the ‘White Australia Policy’.
Challenging the Immigration Act
- Some immigrants successfully completed the test, considered a phenomenon.
- Other immigrants, many of them Chinese, challenged the provisions of the Act in Court, sometimes successfully
- Lobbying for easing the restrictions came from a number of sources: Chinese immigrants and their representatives in Australia, and Chinese Government.
Opposition
Naturalisation Act 1903
- It excluded the future naturalisation of any alien who was a native of Asia, Africa or the Islands of the Pacific, excepting New Zealand.
- Discussion questions:
- Do you find this act as racist? Why?
- Do you find any similarities to Trump's travel ban?
The Naturalisation Act 1903
- Replaced the Naturalisation Act in 1920
- Removed the discriminatory provisions from previous Act
- But gave authority to the Governor-General to give or withhold citizenship without having to state a reason.
- The Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 replaced the Naturalisation Act and gave the Minister power to grant or refuse an application, again without giving a reason.
Nationality Act
The statutory and policy discrimination against the naturalisation of non-Europeans means that between 1901 and 1956 Chinese nationals were unlikely to have been naturalised. It wasn't until 1956 that Australia started relaxing their immigration policy to slowly except more non-Europeans.
1956
Establishing Themselves in Australia
Chinese In Australia
First Chinese settlers came for the Gold Rush but when gold ran out they...
- settled in agricultural industry as market gardners or farm hands
- set up small grocery stores or fruit and vegetable businesses in rural towns.
- worked in import/export businesses
- worked in laundry operations
- worked in cabinet making
- worked in medicine
- During this time, many Chinese cultural and religious organizations and institutions were established, and Chinese New Year celebrations became popular in Australia.
Image shows Chinese New Year Celebrations in Australia
Brought Culture
- Today, the China-born population is the third largest migrant population in Australia.
- More than 1.2 million Australians – or over 5 per cent of the country’s population – have Chinese ancestry, according to the 2016 census.
- Many come from professional backgrounds
- Doctors
- Business Investors
- Scholars
- Temporarily live as students
More Background
Increased Amount of Racism and Hate Towards Chinese as a result of the Corona virus Pandemic
Racism
Example of Racism
Erin Chew, an activist of Malaysian-Chinese descent, said she was singled out over the weekend while taking the train in Sydney.
She shared her story saying “The carriage was quite full, but me wearing a face mask, no one dared to sit next to me... As I was getting off I heard comments in the background like ‘She probably is disease ridden, that’s why no one is sitting next to her’.”
Example 1
Example of Racism
- Donald Trump used the term "China virus" or "Chinese virus" to refer to the Corona virus. The term has become more widespread since.
- This has resulted in an increase in racism towards Chinese and other Asian peoples.
Example 2
Video reporting the increase in racism towards Chinese and Asian people
Video Report
Discussion Questions
Discussion ?'s
- What are your thoughts on the use of the term "Chinese Virus"?
- Be honest with yourself and reflect. Have you said or thought of something that's racist against Chinese people as a result of this Corona virus Pandemic?
- What are your thoughts on the spike of racism against Chinese and Asian people?
- Would you say that there isn't a strong response to combat the increase in racism and hate crimes against Chinese and Asian people?