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Perovskite Solar Cells

06/05/2019

Absorber Materials

Good heat resistance

Combinatorial cation mixtures

Ensure the intrinsic thermal stability (200°C) is a key issue before industrialization!

Non porous materials

Solid-state crystal synthesis

All inorganic Perovskites

2D/3D High PCE + superior stability

Larger organic cations

Lower defect densities

Low cost synthesis

Higher moisture resistance

Organic-Inorganic Perovskites

Absorber materials

2D Perovskites

Defect Tolerant

High exciton binding e

Thermodynamic instability

Quantum confinement effects

Improves crystal quality

Vertical growth optimization

A2B(III)B(I)X6

Sn-based

(PCE 2-12%)

Pb-free Perovskites

Double perovskites Transitional metal ions

Au, Cu, Ti, Mn

Ge-based

(unstable)

Bi-based

(PCE 0.12-4.3%) low hysteresis

Sb-based

(PCE 0.5-3.08%)

wide bandgaps

unstable

ETL

Thermal evaporation

CVD

PLD

Sputtering

ALD

Vacuum process

Small organic molecules

Metal Oxides

Spray pyrolisis

FoM Transmittance-Sheet Resistance-Thickness

Spin coating

ETL

Solution process

Screen printing

Spray coating

No UV degradation

Hole-blocking properties (low HOMO / VB level)

Electron tunneling

Pinhole-free

HTL

Graphene derivatives

Small organic molecules

p-type Polymers

Hydrophobic semiconductor materials

HTL

Solution process

Get rid off Spiro-OMetad

Electron-blocking properties (High LUMO / CB level)

Find thermally stable materials

Buffer materials

Li+ migration

Al2O3

Stability

Introduction of other "A" cations on perovskite

Luminiscent photopolymer

UV-light

Heat

Organic materials degrade at high T

TiO2 degrades, use a buffer layer

Extrinsic

Encapsulation

Moisture

Oxygen interpenetration

O2 Occupies

X3 vacancies

Lead solubility in water

Hydrophobic HTL

Deprotonoation of MA+. surface reactions

Stability

Halide ions

Intrinsic

Ion migration

Temperature dependent crystal phase transition

Au+ ions (electrode)

Hysteresis

Li+ ions (spiro O-Metad)

Light soaking

Physics

Crystallinity

Absorption coefficient

Charge carrier lifetime

Dielectric constant

Recombination mechanisms

Physics

Band gap (direct or indirect?) Ideal 1.34eV-1.6eV

Mobility (above 10 cm2 V-1 s-1)

Effective mass

Defect density (grain boundaries)

Diffusion length

Coulomb forces

Exciton binding energy (ideally small)

Synthesis Methods

Solvent engineering

Drop casting

In situ dipping

Spin coating

Vapor assisted solution processing

PLD

Melt processing (crystals)

2-Step depostiion

1-Step depostiion

Sequential vapor deposition

Capillary film growth

Electrochemical bath deposition

Synthesis

Methods

Annealing

Interfacial Chemical Reactions

Post-deposition treatment

Mechanical compression

2D/3D perovskites

Sealing and UV curing

Preliminary questions

Preliminary questions

  • What is the maximum PCE achievable under 500 lux ilumination?
  • What would be better to obtain, a Pb-based PSC with a very good efficiency, or a Pb-free with low efficiency and very good stability?
  • After choosing a proper ETL and Perovskite absorber, how can we find a catalogue of organic HTLs?
  • Why do we want to use PSC when Si solar cells are quite stable and a market already exists?
  • How can manufacturers of DSSC easily move on to PSC?
  • How much energy does it take to create a single PSC?
  • Does another material have the chance to replace PSC to suppress its instability problem?
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