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BSBWHS616 Apply safe design principles to control WHS risks
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Apply safe design principles to control WHS risks
BSBWHS616
1. WHS principles that support safe design.
2. Systematic approach to WHS risk management for safe design.
3. Consultation processes in product’s life cycle.
4. WHS hazards and their associated risks.
https://youtu.be/YhNgbMnQ3xc
What will I learn???
Part-1
ADVISE ON WHS PRINCIPLES THAT SUPPORT SAFE DESIGN
1. Duties of decision makers/ PCBU under WHS laws to manage WHS risks throughout a product’s life cycle
2. Source available to decision-makers: the most current information and data on WHS principles, materials, technology and systems that apply to product design
3. Methods and tools that can support WHS hazard identification and WHS risk assessment throughout a product’s life cycle
4. Learning and development needs to manage WHS risks
5. CONSULTATION WITH KNOWN AND/OR POTENTIAL USERS OF THE PRODUCT DURING THE DESIGN PHASE, ACCORDING TO ORGANISATIONAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
6. IDENTIFY SITUATIONS WHERE SPECIALIST AND OTHER ADVISERS MAY BE REQUIRED TO SUPPORT SAFE DESIGN ACTIVITIES
Safe design
1. The model Code of Practice was created to provide practical assistance to anyone running a business or project.
- Architects, building designers, and engineers are among those who fall under this category.
- clients, developers, and builders who make decisions that affect the design output.
- any changes to a structure's design may impact the health and safety of those who work on or use it, and the person making the changes must includes testing and analysis and providing specific information about the structure to specific personnel.
- ensure safety of who are in the vicinity of the workplace and are exposed to the product at the workplace
Duty of Care
Consultation and Communication
Risk Management
Training and Information
Incident Reporting and Investigation
Workplace Policies and Procedures
Worker's Compensation
Duty to Consult, Co-operate, and Coordinate
• WHS legislation, rules, and other regulatory requirements
• understanding of the lifecycle
• hazard identification, risk assessment, and control
• technical design standards knowledge
• the ability to find and use relevant data on human dimensions, capacities, and behaviours, as well as the ability to combine knowledge from several sources and disciplines into a new solution
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Many design projects are far too huge and intricate for a single person to comprehend. To bridge any knowledge gaps, several people with specific skills and expertise may need to be included in the design team or contacted during the design process, including:
• a solid understanding of the product category, and
• other specialised knowledge (ergonomists, engineers, materials chemists, occupational hygienists), such as those needed to conduct a risk assessment
Legal duties
1. Hazard and operability studies (HazOp)
Methods and tools that can support WHS hazard identification
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- technique for identifying dangers and problems with operability.
- It employs a group review of the importance of how a process can depart from its expected behaviour.
- The method is a systematic brainstorming approach that uses certain guide-words to look at each component of a process plant at a detailed design level before construction.
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2. Fault tree analysis (FTA)
A technique for identifying and visualising situations and factors (or top events) that can lead to a negative outcome. Assessing ‘what can go wrong?' in functional systems (or pieces of goods) identifies possible causes or fault modes.
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3. Event tree analysis (ETA)
A technique for identifying and categorising initiating events and their frequency into potential outcomes.
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4. Fault mode effects analysis (FMEA)
A technique for identifying potential design flaws in structural or mechanical systems. The procedure breaks down the design into appropriate levels for analysis to discover potential failure modes and consequences and the consequences on the component and the system as a whole.
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Requirements for managing WHS risks
1. Identify Hazards: Hazards can include anything that has the potential to cause harm, such as unsafe work practices, machinery, substances, equipment, and the work environment itself.
2. Assess Risks: must be conducted to determine the likelihood and severity of harm that could result from each hazard. This assessment helps prioritize risks and allocate resources effectively.
3. Control Risks: Risk control involves implementing measures to eliminate or minimize identified risks.
a. Elimination: Remove the hazard completely from the workplace.
b. Substitution: Replace the hazard with a less hazardous alternative.
c. Engineering Controls: Modify equipment or work processes to reduce the risk.
d. Administrative Controls: Implement procedures and policies to reduce exposure to the hazard.
e. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Provide appropriate PPE to protect workers from the hazard when other control measures are not feasible.
4. Consultation: Involving workers in the process helps ensure their knowledge and expertise are considered.
5. Training and Information: his empowers workers to work safely and contribute to risk management.
6. Monitor and Review: This includes assessing whether the risks have been adequately reduced and making adjustments as needed.
7. Emergency Planning: Develop and communicate emergency procedures and plans to address potential incidents or accidents. This ensures that workers know how to respond in case of an emergency.
8. Documentation: Maintain records of hazard identification, risk assessments, control measures, training, and reviews. Proper documentation helps demonstrate compliance with WHS requirements.
9. Legal Compliance: Ensure that all risk management activities are aligned with relevant WHS laws, regulations, and codes of practice applicable to your jurisdiction and industry.
10. Continuous Improvement: Continuously strive to improve work health and safety by seeking feedback, learning from incidents, and making necessary adjustments to risk management processes.
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Codes of practice
1. Managing Risks of Plant in the Workplace Code of Practice 2021: This code of practice provides guidance on how to manage risks associated with plant (machinery, equipment, and tools) in the workplace, including incorporating safe design principles.
2. Preventing Falls in Housing Construction Code of Practice 2018: While focused on housing construction, this code of practice includes guidance on designing for safety to prevent falls and other hazards.
3. How to Manage and Control Asbestos in the Workplace Code of Practice 2018: While primarily addressing asbestos management, this code of practice emphasizes safe design to prevent exposure to asbestos fibers.
4. Safe Design of Structures Code of Practice 2021: This code of practice specifically addresses safe design principles for structures, including buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure.
5. Hazardous Manual Tasks Code of Practice 2018: While centered around hazardous manual tasks, this code of practice highlights the importance of designing tasks, equipment, and work processes to minimize the risk of injury.
6. Confined Spaces Code of Practice 2021: While dealing with confined spaces, this code of practice also underscores the significance of safe design in preventing hazards associated with confined space entry.
7. Managing Risks of Hazardous Chemicals in the Workplace Code of Practice 2021: This code of practice includes guidance on designing for the safe use, handling, and storage of hazardous chemicals.
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Principles.....
5
Principle 1:Persons with control:
Those in positions of authority who make decisions should be competent and aware that their decisions will impact the design of products, facilities, or processes, allowing them to promote health and safety at the source.
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Principle 5: Information transfer:
Information transfer is the fifth principle. Effective communication and documenting of design and risk control information between all personnel participating in the life cycle phases is critical for a safe design approach.
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Principle 2: The product life cycle:
The second principle is the product life cycle.
From conception to disposal, safe design applies to all stages of the life cycle. It entails removing hazards or reducing risks as early as possible in the life cycle.
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Principle 4: Knowledge and capacity in safe design:
Persons with design control should either display or acquire this skill.
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Principle 3: Systematic risk management:
A consistent application of hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk control techniques is essential to accomplish the safe design.
Recap:
Question:1- Key elements and requirements of WHS??
Question:2 Sources of information
Question:3- Factors affecting safe design
Anthropometry
Principles of anthropometry and biomechanics
Greek word "anthro", meaning "man" and "metrein" meaning "to measure"
-Study of anthropmetrics is based on the concept that there are individual size and strength capabilities and differences.
-By measuring human body dimensions, one can establish normative data, which describes the frequency distribution of the population's size.
Anthropometric principles can then be applied to work place design and modification to enhance worker performance, reduce fatigue, and determine safe working conditions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nY4MIaJmhZg
Ergonomics can incorporate the use of anthropometric data when designing products to improve the user experience.
If a designer doesn’t use anthropometric data during the design process, it can lead to a poor user experience that causes discomfort, pain and potential injury.
Ergonomics is a consideration that leads to a product being designed in a way to make it easy to use.
Size, weight, shape, position of buttons and controls are all aspects that contribute to it being ergonomically designed.
Example
- table height makes it easy to reach the keyboard and mouse
- monitor height and angle of the monitor makes it easy for the user to see the screen reducing the strain on the neck, eyes and back
- seat height is adjustable so it can be set at a comfortable height for the user
- the user can sit at a comfortable distance from the desk so they do not have stretch to reach the keyboard and mouse
- position can be changed by adjusting the armrests and backrest - sitting in the correct position will reduce the strain on the body and increase the view angle of the screen
It is difficult to design a product that everyone will be able to use with comfort, so products are often designed for the majority of the population, considered to be between the 5th and 95th percentile:
the 5th percentile are the 5 per cent of people who are smaller in size
the 50th percentile are people of average size the 95th percentile are 5 per cent of people who are larger in size
Data
Questions
1. A designer is designing an emergency stop button for a machine, which must be able to be pressed quickly and easily with the whole palm of the hand by the majority of the population. Using the table above, what is the minimum size the emergency stop button should be?
2. A designer is designing a pair of safety gloves for use in a factory, which must be able to be worn by any member of staff. Using the table above, what is the minimum length the gloves should be?
Bio mechanics
Biomechanics uses laws of physics and engineering
concepts to describe motion undergone by the various body segments and the forces acting on these body parts during normal daily activities.
These movements and forces may enable workers to safely perform jobs or, where they over-stress the body, may cause a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD)
Bio Mechanics
Code of Practice:
Hazardous Manual Tasks
(Safe Work Australia, 2010)
Understanding biomechanical hazards
Bio-Hazards
Biomechanical injuries occur when the forces on a body tissue (e.g. muscle, tendon, ligament, bone) are greater than the tissue can withstand.
These injuries can occur suddenly as a consequence of a single exposure to a high force; they can also arise gradually, as a consequence of repeated or long-duration exposure to lower levels of force. Even low levels of force can cause small amounts of damage to body tissues.
This damage is normally repaired before injury occurs; however, if the rate of damage is greater than the rate at which repair can occur, a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) may result.
Also, MSDs can result from a combination of these mechanisms; for example, a tissue that has been weakened by cumulative damage may be vulnerable to sudden injury by lower forces.
Identification
Legislation and standards
Regulation of biomechanical hazards has been included in the draft model Work Health and Safety Regulations (Safe Work Australia, 2010b).
As with other hazardous tasks, persons conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU)
-to identify all manual tasks that may involve hazardous manual tasks and, where it is not practicable to eliminate that task, to minimise the risk of MSD by:
changing design or layout of the workplace; changing systems of work; changing the object being handled; providing mechanical aids; changing the environment; or a combination of these strategies.
Where the risk is not minimised by these actions then information, training and instruction must be provided.
The PCBU must ensure the risk control measures are reviewed as required including before any hazardous manual tasks is carried out, before any change is made to the system of work or the object being handled or when an MSD is reported.
Control of biomechanical hazards causing body stressing should be a workplace priority becuase such hazards and the MSDs they may cause have a major affect on Australian workers and workplaces (section 3).
Some risks, such as hazardous chemicals, have special record-keeping requirements in the WHS Regulations. If such risks exist at your employment, you must preserve the necessary records for the period stated.
You should ensure that everyone in your office understands the record-keeping standards, including which records are accessible and where they are stored.
The level of documentation or record keeping will depend on:
Your records should show that you:
A risk assessment is used to detect risks, estimate risk, and put in place safeguards to keep people safe.
Before beginning any task, conduct a risk assessment, which will aid in the creation of a Safe Work Method Statement.
The purpose of a risk assessment:
- is to find appropriate controls that can be implemented to either eliminate or decrease the
risk.
Risk controls should include the following:
• Control the risk effectively.
• Allow employees to accomplish their jobs without undue stress or discomfort.
Part-2
ADVISE ON SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO WHS RISK MANAGEMENT FOR SAFE DESIGN
Risk residue
What???
Residue
After putting in place control measures, the risk still exists.
-always lower than the pre-controlled risk in the case of successful controls. This is a combination of a risk's repercussions and the possibility that they will occur.
A residual risk assessment must be performed to determine the risk level after installing new risk controls.
The goal :
- to re-evaluate the level of risk after controls have been installed to confirm that the inherent risk level has been effectively reduced and that no new hazards have been created.
- to assess the appropriate amount of escalation and action and whether or not work can proceed.
Extreme risk cannot be tolerated and must be eliminated. If this is not feasible, the risk must be reduced by employing a single control or a combination of controls.
Residual risk management
How do you deal with leftover risks?
Essentially, you have three choices:
• You should do nothing if the risk level is below the permissible risk threshold; management must formally accept the risks.
• If the amount of risk exceeds the acceptable level of risk, you'll need to find new (and better) strategies to reduce those risks, which will also need a re-evaluation of the residual risks.
• If the degree of the risk exceeds the acceptable level of risk, and the costs of mitigating the risk outweigh the impact, you must recommend to management that these high risks be accepted.
This method ensures that management is involved in the most crucial choices and that no details are ignored. So, even after numerous mitigation strategies have been deployed, top management must know which risks their organisation will face. After all, top management is responsible for the company's bottom line and its long-term viability.
https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/events
Latest
Celebrated every October, National Safe Work Month (NSWM) is a time to commit to building a safe and healthy workplace.
Being healthy and safe means being free from physical and psychological harm. No job should be unsafe and no death or injury is acceptable. A safe and healthy workplace benefits everyone.
As the state’s Regulator, SafeWork asks businesses, employers and workers across the state to join National Safe Work Month and commit to building safe and healthy workplaces.
Employers have a duty of care toward their employees and must take action to ensure that no-one is exposed to risks while at work.
Employees must also take care that nothing they do at work places anyone else at risk.
Activity
Scenario 1
Joe and Dan were having lunch in the staff room. Joe has a magazine that fell out of the newspaper. It is advertising women’s underwear. They are laughing and making jokes about the women’s hot bodies! Lizzie comes into the staff room to eat her lunch. The men glance at Lizzie and then continue their jokes and laughter. Lizzie tells them to grow up! Dan told her to not to be such a ‘spoil sport’ and anyway she is just jealous of the models’ hot bodies.
Is this sexual harassment?
Scenario 2
It is a staff meeting. All six members of the team are discussing the current projects. Edwina, the manager, looks at Margaret, and says; “You are obviously not coping with your project. You seem very disorganised. If you do not have it under control by Tuesday, I will take the project away from you and you can answer the phones for the rest of the week. I will give that project to someone who is up to it!” Edwina approaches Margaret a week later in the lunchroom in front of her work colleagues and says “Margaret I’m still not very happy with your work, you obviously have not listened to anything I have said. What will it take to get it through that thick skull of yours?”
Is this workplace bullying?
Scenario 3
Angus is in Year 10 and on work experience. He is very tall for his age and very handsome. Whenever he walks past the front office, some of the younger female employees look at him and start whispering and giggling behind their hands. Angus feels embarrassed. Finally, one of the young women asks Angus if he would like to go out with them on Friday as they are all going to the pub.
Is this sexual harassment?
1. What is bullying?
Bullying is any unreasonable behaviour toward an employee or group of employees that creates a risk to their health and safety. It is not just any form of physical violence, but any form of abuse, or threats. It can be direct or indirect – over the phone or internet. Embarrassing and humiliating a colleague or subordinate is also considered bullying.
2. What is sexual harassment?
Sexual harassment is any form of unwanted, unwelcome and uninvited behaviour of a sexual nature. It can be explicit or suggestive comments, offensive emails, telephone calls or texts. Displaying material that others find offensive, sexually explicit jokes or repeated invitations for dates or inappropriate physical contact are all considered sexual harassment.
4. Why are bullying and sexual harassment considered unlawful?
Bullying and sexual harassment are against the law because they cause harm to people and make the workplace unsafe. Employers must view both as potential workplace hazards and must put procedures in place to prevent them from happening, and to deal with them promptly and effectively if they do occur at any time.
5. What should you do if you feel you are being bullied or sexually harassed in your workplace?
Report your concerns without delay! You must tell a responsible person at work (employer, supervisor or someone else you trust to act on your information immediately). You must also inform your teacher at the first opportunity.