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Human Anatomy and Physiology Concept Map

By Corey Conrad

Functions

Integumentary

  • Protection
  • Excretion of salts, water, and wastes
  • Maintain body temperature
  • Produce melanin to protect from UV radiation
  • Produce keratin to prevent water loss
  • Synthesize vitamin D
  • Store lipids and various fat cells
  • Detect senation like touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

Structures

  • Skin
  • protects against UV, bad bacteria, environment
  • made up of the epidermis, dermis
  • Glands
  • Sebaceous (in dermis, secretes oil to waterproof surfaces and inhibit bacterial growth
  • Suoriferous (in dermis, sweat-antimicrobial, prevents overheating by evaportitive cooling)
  • Hair
  • keeps warmth in, protects us from physical trauma
  • Nails
  • Protects exposed fingers and toes

Relationships

Relationships

  • Urinary system
  • protects urinary organs; excretes some salts and nitrogenuous wastes
  • Urinary system activates vitamin D made by keratinocytes; disposes of nitrogenuous wastes of skin metalbolism
  • Nervous system
  • Skin protects nervous system organs; cutaneous sensory receptors located in skin
  • Nervous system regulates diameter of blood vessels in skin, activates sweat glands, contributing to thermoregulation; interprets cutaneous sensation; activates arrector pili muscles

Functions

Cardiovascular

  • Works with lymphatic system to make circulatory system
  • Maintain homeostatis using blood
  • Delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, organs, and tissues in the body
  • Remove wastes, like carbon dioxide

Structures

  • Heart (Systemic)
  • Large muscle made up of cardiac muscle tissue
  • 4 chambers
  • Atria receive
  • Ventricles discharge
  • Lungs (Pulmonary)
  • Receives deoxygenated blood and pushes oxygenated blood back to heart to distribute to body
  • Arteries - blood vessels that take blood away from the heart
  • Veins - Blood vessels that return blood to heart
  • Capillaries - minute blood vessels

Relationships

Relationships

  • Urinary system
  • Cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients; carries away wastes; blood pressure maintains kidney function
  • Urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by altering urine volume and releasing renin
  • Endocrine system
  • Cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients; carries away wastes; blood serves as atransport vehicle for hormones
  • Several hormones influence blood pressure; estrogen maintains vascular health in women

Functions

Skeletal

  • Structural support and framework
  • Storage of minerals/lipids
  • Blood cell production in red bone marrow
  • Protects soft & vital organs
  • Movement for the body and its parts

Structures of the Skeletal System

Structures

  • Bones
  • Two types - compact & spongy
  • Compact: dense, provides protection, found on outside
  • Spongy: composed of trabeculae. Inside of bone. Major location of red bone marrow.
  • Red bone marrow produce RBCs & cells that make up the immune system; yellow bone marrow stores fat
  • 206 in adults, 300 in kids before they fuse
  • Joints
  • Synovial - freely movable joint w/ a joint cavity enclosed by a fibrous capsule lined w/ a membrane
  • Fibrous - bones joined by fibrous tissue
  • Cartilagenious - bones joined by cartilage
  • Cartilage - white, semiopaque connective tissue
  • Tendons - dense fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone
  • Ligaments - fibrous tissue that connects bones

Relationships

Relationships

  • Lymphatic:
  • Skeletal system provides some protection to lymphoid organs; lymphocytes involved in immune response orginate in bone marrow
  • Lymphatic system drains leaked tissue fluids; immune cells protect against pathogens
  • Cardiovascular
  • Bone marrow cavities provide site for RBC formation; matrix stores calcium needed for cardiac muscles activity
  • Cardiovascular system delivers nutrients and oxygen to bones; carries away wastes

Functions

Muscular

  • Produce skeletal movements
  • Maintain posture
  • Generate heat through muscle contraction
  • Stabilize joints

Structures

  • Bones - provides framework; connected w/ skeletal muscles
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Connective tissue - tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs
  • Muscles
  • made up of myofibrils
  • 3 types: Skeletal (striated), smooth, and cardiac

Relationships

Relationships

  • Respiratory
  • Muscualr exercise increases respiratory capacity
  • Respiratory system provides oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide
  • Nervous
  • Facial muscle activity allows emotions to be expressed
  • Nervous system stimulates and regulates muscles activity

Functions

  • Part of circulatory & immune system
  • Keeps body fluid levels in balance
  • Defends body against infections

Lymphatic

Structures

  • Lymphatic vessels - form a drainage system that picks up lymph and returns to blood
  • Lymphatic tissues/nodes and organs
  • Nodes - help protect body by having macrophages that remove forgein material
  • Organs
  • Spleen - filter & cleanses
  • Thymus - programs lymphocytes
  • Tonsils - trap and remove in throat
  • Peyer's patchs - trap and remove in intestines

Relationships

Relationships

  • Integumentary system
  • Lymphatic vessels pick up leaked plasma fluid and proteins from the dermis; lymphocytes in lymph enhance the skin's protective role by defending against specific pathogens
  • The skin's keratinized epithelium provides a mechanical barrier to pathogens; acid pH of skin secretions inhibits growth of bacteria on skin
  • Respiratory system
  • lymphatic vessels picked up leaked fluid and proteins from respiratory organs; immune cells protect respiratory organs from specific pathogens; plasma cells in the respiratory mucosa secrete IgA to prevent pathogen invasion in deeper tissues
  • The lungs provide oxygen needed for lymphoid/immune cells and eliminate carbon dioxide; the pharynx houses tonsils; the respiratory "pump" aids lympg flow

Functions

Respiratory

  • Provides extensive gas exchange surface area b/n air and circulation blood
  • Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
  • Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment
  • Produces sounds
  • Participates in olfactory sense

Structures

  • Nasal/Oral cavity
  • Air goes in when inhaling; goes out when exhaling
  • Pharynx
  • Space b/n nose and larynx
  • Larynx
  • Routes food and air into proper channels, epiglottis protect superior opening of the larynx; when swallowing, epiglottis covers larynx opening
  • Vocal folds w/i, vibrate w/ expelled air which allows us to speak
  • Trachea
  • lined w/ cilia that move mucus that has picked up dust and debris, away from lungs to the throat to be swallowed
  • Lungs
  • Brochi lead into lungs. Once they end, there are alveoli for gas exchange, which contribute to the lungs spongy appearance.
  • Diaphragm
  • large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts when inhaling to expand chest

Relationships

Relationships

  • Muscular system
  • Respiratory system provides oxygen needed for muscle activity; disposes of carbon dioxide
  • The diaphragm and intercostal muscles produce volue changes necessary for breathing; regular exercise increases respiratory efficiency
  • Endocrine system
  • Respiratory system provides oxygen; disposes of carbon dioxide
  • Epineephrine dilates the brochioles; testosterone promotes laryngeal enlargement in pubertal males

Functions

Digestive

  • Ingestion - when materials enter digestive tract via mouth
  • Mechanical processing - crushing, shearing that makes material easier to propel along digestive tract
  • Digestion - chemical breakdown of food into smaller fragments for absorption by th digestive epithelium
  • Secretion - the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts by the epithelium of the digestive tract & by gandular organs
  • Absorption - movement of substrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium into interstital fluid of digestive tract
  • Excretion - removal of waste products from body

Structures

  • Oral cavity - tongue, teeth, salivary glands. Start of mechanical digestion.
  • Pharynx - additional space, common passageway for solid foods, liquids, and air. 3 sets of muscles for swallowing.
  • Esophagus - Carries solid food and liquids to stomach
  • Stomach - chemical digestion, storage tank, food breakdown, and moves food.
  • Intestines - Small: Major role in digestion and 90% of nutrient absorption. Large: Reabsorption of water and compaction of intestinal contents into feces. Absorption of vitamins. Storage of feces until defecation.
  • Liver - Regulates blood sugar, lipid metabolism, deamination, detoxification, bile production.
  • Pancreas - Secretes insulin and glucagon, pancreatic juices.
  • Appendix - ideal spot for bacteria to accumulate to aid in digestion.

Relationships

Relationships

  • Skeletal system
  • Digestive system provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair; absorbs calcium needed for bone salts
  • Skeletal system protects some digestive organs by bone; cavities store some nutrients.
  • Lymphatic system
  • Digestive system provides nutrients for normal functioning; HCl of stomach provides nonspecific protection against bacteria
  • Lacteals drain fatty lymphs from digestive tract organs and convey it to blood; Peyer's patches and lymphoid tissues in mesentery house macrophages and immune cells that protect digestive tractorgans against infection

Functions

Nervous

  • Master controlling & communicatin system of the body using electrical impulses
  • maintains body homeostasis
  • provides for sensation, higher mental functioning, and emotional response
  • activates muscles and glands
  • 3 overlapping functions
  • Sensory input
  • Intergration
  • Motor output

Structures

  • Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Interprets incoming sensory information; issues instructions
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
  • everything outside brain and spinal cord
  • cranial and spinal nerves carry impulses to and from
  • Motor division
  • carries impulses from CNS to effector organs
  • 2 parts - Somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)
  • Autonomic has two parts: Sympathetic and parasympathetic
  • Sensory division
  • Carries to CNS

Relationships

Relationships

  • Digestive system
  • ANS (parasympathetic division) regulates digestive system activity
  • Digestive system provides nutrients needed for health of neurons
  • Cardiovasular system
  • ANS helps regulate heart rate and blood pressure
  • Cardiovascular system delivers oxyge and nutrients to the nervous sytem; carries away wastes

Functions

Endocrine

  • Makes hormones that control moods, growth and development, metabolism, organs, and reproduction
  • Controls how hormones are released
  • Send hormones into bloodstream so they can travel to other body parts

Structures

  • Hypothalamus - connects endocrine and nervous systems. Tells pituitary gland when to stop or make hormones.
  • Pituitary glands - Master gland in charge of growth, blood pressure, and helps control body/water balance.
  • Pineal glands - creates melatonin for sleep.
  • Thryoid - controls growth and metabolism.
  • Parathyroid - helps with bone health
  • Thymus - creates T-cells for the lympahtic system
  • Adneral glands - creates adrenaline.
  • Pancreas - creates digestive enzymes
  • Ovaries - makes estrogen and progesterone
  • Testes - makes testosterone

Relationships

Relationships

  • Reproductive system
  • Hypothalamic, anterior pituitary, and gondal hormones direct reproductive system development and function; oxytocin and prolactin involved in birth and breastfeeding
  • Gonadal hormones feed back to influence endocrine system function
  • Nervous system
  • Many hormones (growth hormone, thyroxine, sex hormones) influence normal maturation and function of the nervous system
  • Hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary function and secretes two hormones

Functions

Urinary

  • Elimination - removal of foreign substance using metabolic pathways and/or through excretion
  • Excretion - removal of wastes from body fluids
  • Homeostatic regulation of plasma

Structures

  • Kidneys - eliminates wastes, toxins from body. Filter gallons of fluid from blood stream. Regulate blood volume & chemical makeup. Produces renin to regulate blood pressue. Produce EPO that stimulates RBS production in bone marrow. Activate vitamin D. Manufacture urine.
  • Ureters - tube that carries urine from kidneys to bladder.
  • Bladder - muscular sac that stores urine
  • Urethra - tube that brings urine from bladder to exterior of body.

Relationships

Relationships

  • Muscular system
  • Kidneys dispose of nitrogenuous wastes; maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood; renal regulation of sodium, potassium, and calcium content in ECF crucial for muscle activity
  • Muscles in pelvic diaphragm and external urethral sphincter function in voluntary control of micturition; creatinine is a nitrogenuous waste product of muscle metabolism that must be excreted by the kidneys
  • Integumentary system
  • Kidneys dispose of nitrogenuous wastes; maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
  • Skin provides external protective barrier; serves as site for vitamin D synthesis and water loss (via perspiration)

Functions

  • Joint purpose of male and female reproduction systems is to produce offspring

Reproductive

Male Structures

Male Structures

  • Testes - produce sperm
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Epididymis
  • Dusctus Deferens
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethal glands
  • Ejaculatory Duct
  • Urethra - sperm travel through this duct to exterior of body.

Female Structures

Female Structures

  • Ovaries - Female gonads. Produce ova (female gametes). Secrete estrogen and progesterone.
  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus - lining called endometrium
  • Vagina - duct that leads from uterus to exterior of body.

Relationships

Relationships

  • Skeletal system
  • Androgens masculiniza the skeleton and increase bone density; estrogen feminizes skeleton and maintains bone mass in women.
  • The bony pelvis encloses some reproductive organs; if narrow, the bony pelvis may hinder vaginal delivery of an infant.
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Estrogens lower blood cholesterol levels and promote cardiovascular health in premenopausal women; pregnancy increases workload of the cardiovascular system
  • Cardiovascular system transports needed substances; local vasodilation involved in erection; blood transports sex hormone.

The Human Body

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