Human Anatomy and Physiology Concept Map
By Corey Conrad
Functions
Integumentary
- Protection
- Excretion of salts, water, and wastes
- Maintain body temperature
- Produce melanin to protect from UV radiation
- Produce keratin to prevent water loss
- Synthesize vitamin D
- Store lipids and various fat cells
- Detect senation like touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Structures
- Skin
- protects against UV, bad bacteria, environment
- made up of the epidermis, dermis
- Glands
- Sebaceous (in dermis, secretes oil to waterproof surfaces and inhibit bacterial growth
- Suoriferous (in dermis, sweat-antimicrobial, prevents overheating by evaportitive cooling)
- Hair
- keeps warmth in, protects us from physical trauma
- Nails
- Protects exposed fingers and toes
Relationships
Relationships
- Urinary system
- protects urinary organs; excretes some salts and nitrogenuous wastes
- Urinary system activates vitamin D made by keratinocytes; disposes of nitrogenuous wastes of skin metalbolism
- Nervous system
- Skin protects nervous system organs; cutaneous sensory receptors located in skin
- Nervous system regulates diameter of blood vessels in skin, activates sweat glands, contributing to thermoregulation; interprets cutaneous sensation; activates arrector pili muscles
Functions
Cardiovascular
- Works with lymphatic system to make circulatory system
- Maintain homeostatis using blood
- Delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, organs, and tissues in the body
- Remove wastes, like carbon dioxide
Structures
- Heart (Systemic)
- Large muscle made up of cardiac muscle tissue
- 4 chambers
- Atria receive
- Ventricles discharge
- Lungs (Pulmonary)
- Receives deoxygenated blood and pushes oxygenated blood back to heart to distribute to body
- Arteries - blood vessels that take blood away from the heart
- Veins - Blood vessels that return blood to heart
- Capillaries - minute blood vessels
Relationships
Relationships
- Urinary system
- Cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients; carries away wastes; blood pressure maintains kidney function
- Urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by altering urine volume and releasing renin
- Endocrine system
- Cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients; carries away wastes; blood serves as atransport vehicle for hormones
- Several hormones influence blood pressure; estrogen maintains vascular health in women
Functions
Skeletal
- Structural support and framework
- Storage of minerals/lipids
- Blood cell production in red bone marrow
- Protects soft & vital organs
- Movement for the body and its parts
Structures of the Skeletal System
Structures
- Bones
- Two types - compact & spongy
- Compact: dense, provides protection, found on outside
- Spongy: composed of trabeculae. Inside of bone. Major location of red bone marrow.
- Red bone marrow produce RBCs & cells that make up the immune system; yellow bone marrow stores fat
- 206 in adults, 300 in kids before they fuse
- Joints
- Synovial - freely movable joint w/ a joint cavity enclosed by a fibrous capsule lined w/ a membrane
- Fibrous - bones joined by fibrous tissue
- Cartilagenious - bones joined by cartilage
- Cartilage - white, semiopaque connective tissue
- Tendons - dense fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone
- Ligaments - fibrous tissue that connects bones
Relationships
Relationships
- Lymphatic:
- Skeletal system provides some protection to lymphoid organs; lymphocytes involved in immune response orginate in bone marrow
- Lymphatic system drains leaked tissue fluids; immune cells protect against pathogens
- Cardiovascular
- Bone marrow cavities provide site for RBC formation; matrix stores calcium needed for cardiac muscles activity
- Cardiovascular system delivers nutrients and oxygen to bones; carries away wastes
Functions
Muscular
- Produce skeletal movements
- Maintain posture
- Generate heat through muscle contraction
- Stabilize joints
Structures
- Bones - provides framework; connected w/ skeletal muscles
- Cartilage
- Ligaments
- Tendons
- Connective tissue - tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs
- Muscles
- made up of myofibrils
- 3 types: Skeletal (striated), smooth, and cardiac
Relationships
Relationships
- Respiratory
- Muscualr exercise increases respiratory capacity
- Respiratory system provides oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide
- Nervous
- Facial muscle activity allows emotions to be expressed
- Nervous system stimulates and regulates muscles activity
Functions
- Part of circulatory & immune system
- Keeps body fluid levels in balance
- Defends body against infections
Lymphatic
Structures
- Lymphatic vessels - form a drainage system that picks up lymph and returns to blood
- Lymphatic tissues/nodes and organs
- Nodes - help protect body by having macrophages that remove forgein material
- Organs
- Spleen - filter & cleanses
- Thymus - programs lymphocytes
- Tonsils - trap and remove in throat
- Peyer's patchs - trap and remove in intestines
Relationships
Relationships
- Integumentary system
- Lymphatic vessels pick up leaked plasma fluid and proteins from the dermis; lymphocytes in lymph enhance the skin's protective role by defending against specific pathogens
- The skin's keratinized epithelium provides a mechanical barrier to pathogens; acid pH of skin secretions inhibits growth of bacteria on skin
- Respiratory system
- lymphatic vessels picked up leaked fluid and proteins from respiratory organs; immune cells protect respiratory organs from specific pathogens; plasma cells in the respiratory mucosa secrete IgA to prevent pathogen invasion in deeper tissues
- The lungs provide oxygen needed for lymphoid/immune cells and eliminate carbon dioxide; the pharynx houses tonsils; the respiratory "pump" aids lympg flow
Functions
Respiratory
- Provides extensive gas exchange surface area b/n air and circulation blood
- Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
- Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment
- Produces sounds
- Participates in olfactory sense
Structures
- Nasal/Oral cavity
- Air goes in when inhaling; goes out when exhaling
- Pharynx
- Space b/n nose and larynx
- Larynx
- Routes food and air into proper channels, epiglottis protect superior opening of the larynx; when swallowing, epiglottis covers larynx opening
- Vocal folds w/i, vibrate w/ expelled air which allows us to speak
- Trachea
- lined w/ cilia that move mucus that has picked up dust and debris, away from lungs to the throat to be swallowed
- Lungs
- Brochi lead into lungs. Once they end, there are alveoli for gas exchange, which contribute to the lungs spongy appearance.
- Diaphragm
- large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts when inhaling to expand chest
Relationships
Relationships
- Muscular system
- Respiratory system provides oxygen needed for muscle activity; disposes of carbon dioxide
- The diaphragm and intercostal muscles produce volue changes necessary for breathing; regular exercise increases respiratory efficiency
- Endocrine system
- Respiratory system provides oxygen; disposes of carbon dioxide
- Epineephrine dilates the brochioles; testosterone promotes laryngeal enlargement in pubertal males
Functions
Digestive
- Ingestion - when materials enter digestive tract via mouth
- Mechanical processing - crushing, shearing that makes material easier to propel along digestive tract
- Digestion - chemical breakdown of food into smaller fragments for absorption by th digestive epithelium
- Secretion - the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts by the epithelium of the digestive tract & by gandular organs
- Absorption - movement of substrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium into interstital fluid of digestive tract
- Excretion - removal of waste products from body
Structures
- Oral cavity - tongue, teeth, salivary glands. Start of mechanical digestion.
- Pharynx - additional space, common passageway for solid foods, liquids, and air. 3 sets of muscles for swallowing.
- Esophagus - Carries solid food and liquids to stomach
- Stomach - chemical digestion, storage tank, food breakdown, and moves food.
- Intestines - Small: Major role in digestion and 90% of nutrient absorption. Large: Reabsorption of water and compaction of intestinal contents into feces. Absorption of vitamins. Storage of feces until defecation.
- Liver - Regulates blood sugar, lipid metabolism, deamination, detoxification, bile production.
- Pancreas - Secretes insulin and glucagon, pancreatic juices.
- Appendix - ideal spot for bacteria to accumulate to aid in digestion.
Relationships
Relationships
- Skeletal system
- Digestive system provides nutrients for energy fuel, growth, and repair; absorbs calcium needed for bone salts
- Skeletal system protects some digestive organs by bone; cavities store some nutrients.
- Lymphatic system
- Digestive system provides nutrients for normal functioning; HCl of stomach provides nonspecific protection against bacteria
- Lacteals drain fatty lymphs from digestive tract organs and convey it to blood; Peyer's patches and lymphoid tissues in mesentery house macrophages and immune cells that protect digestive tractorgans against infection
Functions
Nervous
- Master controlling & communicatin system of the body using electrical impulses
- maintains body homeostasis
- provides for sensation, higher mental functioning, and emotional response
- activates muscles and glands
- 3 overlapping functions
- Sensory input
- Intergration
- Motor output
Structures
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Brain and spinal cord
- Interprets incoming sensory information; issues instructions
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- everything outside brain and spinal cord
- cranial and spinal nerves carry impulses to and from
- Motor division
- carries impulses from CNS to effector organs
- 2 parts - Somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)
- Autonomic has two parts: Sympathetic and parasympathetic
- Sensory division
- Carries to CNS
Relationships
Relationships
- Digestive system
- ANS (parasympathetic division) regulates digestive system activity
- Digestive system provides nutrients needed for health of neurons
- Cardiovasular system
- ANS helps regulate heart rate and blood pressure
- Cardiovascular system delivers oxyge and nutrients to the nervous sytem; carries away wastes
Functions
Endocrine
- Makes hormones that control moods, growth and development, metabolism, organs, and reproduction
- Controls how hormones are released
- Send hormones into bloodstream so they can travel to other body parts
Structures
- Hypothalamus - connects endocrine and nervous systems. Tells pituitary gland when to stop or make hormones.
- Pituitary glands - Master gland in charge of growth, blood pressure, and helps control body/water balance.
- Pineal glands - creates melatonin for sleep.
- Thryoid - controls growth and metabolism.
- Parathyroid - helps with bone health
- Thymus - creates T-cells for the lympahtic system
- Adneral glands - creates adrenaline.
- Pancreas - creates digestive enzymes
- Ovaries - makes estrogen and progesterone
- Testes - makes testosterone
Relationships
Relationships
- Reproductive system
- Hypothalamic, anterior pituitary, and gondal hormones direct reproductive system development and function; oxytocin and prolactin involved in birth and breastfeeding
- Gonadal hormones feed back to influence endocrine system function
- Nervous system
- Many hormones (growth hormone, thyroxine, sex hormones) influence normal maturation and function of the nervous system
- Hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary function and secretes two hormones
Functions
Urinary
- Elimination - removal of foreign substance using metabolic pathways and/or through excretion
- Excretion - removal of wastes from body fluids
- Homeostatic regulation of plasma
Structures
- Kidneys - eliminates wastes, toxins from body. Filter gallons of fluid from blood stream. Regulate blood volume & chemical makeup. Produces renin to regulate blood pressue. Produce EPO that stimulates RBS production in bone marrow. Activate vitamin D. Manufacture urine.
- Ureters - tube that carries urine from kidneys to bladder.
- Bladder - muscular sac that stores urine
- Urethra - tube that brings urine from bladder to exterior of body.
Relationships
Relationships
- Muscular system
- Kidneys dispose of nitrogenuous wastes; maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood; renal regulation of sodium, potassium, and calcium content in ECF crucial for muscle activity
- Muscles in pelvic diaphragm and external urethral sphincter function in voluntary control of micturition; creatinine is a nitrogenuous waste product of muscle metabolism that must be excreted by the kidneys
- Integumentary system
- Kidneys dispose of nitrogenuous wastes; maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
- Skin provides external protective barrier; serves as site for vitamin D synthesis and water loss (via perspiration)
Functions
- Joint purpose of male and female reproduction systems is to produce offspring
Reproductive
Male Structures
Male Structures
- Testes - produce sperm
- Seminal vesicles
- Epididymis
- Dusctus Deferens
- Prostate
- Bulbourethal glands
- Ejaculatory Duct
- Urethra - sperm travel through this duct to exterior of body.
Female Structures
Female Structures
- Ovaries - Female gonads. Produce ova (female gametes). Secrete estrogen and progesterone.
- Uterine tubes
- Uterus - lining called endometrium
- Vagina - duct that leads from uterus to exterior of body.
Relationships
Relationships
- Skeletal system
- Androgens masculiniza the skeleton and increase bone density; estrogen feminizes skeleton and maintains bone mass in women.
- The bony pelvis encloses some reproductive organs; if narrow, the bony pelvis may hinder vaginal delivery of an infant.
- Cardiovascular system
- Estrogens lower blood cholesterol levels and promote cardiovascular health in premenopausal women; pregnancy increases workload of the cardiovascular system
- Cardiovascular system transports needed substances; local vasodilation involved in erection; blood transports sex hormone.