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The Philippines in the 19th Century as Rizal's Context

Chapter II (Group 2)

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this Chapter, the students should be able to:

- Appraise the link between the individual and society.

- Analyze the various social, political, and economic changes that occurred in the nineteenth century.

- Demonstrate understanding of Jose Rizal in the Context of his time.

The World and the Philippines of Rizal's Time

Introduction

Situation of Spain in the 19th Century

- Carlist Wars means struggle between Isabella and Charles

- Isabella's oveerthrow in 1868

- 19th Century was a period of Turbulent Century

- Canovite system or rotativism

- Liberals and Conservative

- Frequent changes or massive changes

- Political Instability in Spain.

- Death of King of Spain Ferdinand VII

- Spain is one of the Pioneer when it comes conquest.

-Year 1830 all of the Spain's american colonies have became independent except Cuba and Puerto Rico

- Isabella and Charles

The World and the Philippines of Rizal's Time

On the other hand, there are significant events in the 19th century that contributed to the formation and the rest of the propagandists' consciousness were:

- Opening of the Suez Canal

- The democratic leadership of governor general dela torre (1869-1871)

- Governor general izquerdos' replacement of dela torre Which lead to the cavite mutiny. (1871-1873)

In the 19th century, there were massive changes in the world, particularly in Europe, Spain, and the Philippines. In this century, Rizal was born and exposed to varying political, economic, and socio-cultural realities. Rizal witnessed the effects brought by the Industrial Revolution, benefited from the opening of the Suez Canal, gained education in Europe, became an ilustrado, and took part in the Propaganda Movement.

- Jose Rizal was born in the 19th Century

- During this time, Spain's glory and rule as a colonial power was already waning.

- The Native of the philippines were slowly realizing the need to awaken their national consciousness.

- Newer production methods

- Propaganda movement

- Illustrados or the enlightened ones

POLITICAL CONTEXT

POLITICAL CONTEXT

  • The 19th century was marked for its tremendous social change. However, while the nineteen century was hailed for its massive social changes, it was not all imperialists.

The Struggle of Nationalism

  • The country suffered from different social issues as a result of the Spanish despotic colonial rule. The Filipinos were exposed to the evils of colonial rule such as maladministration of justice, no equality before the law, racial prejudice, forced labor, frailocracy, and lack of representation in the Spanish cortes. During this time, Rizal witnessed the flowering of Western imperialism and the downfall of the Spanish colonial rule.

Spanish Colonial Government Structure in the Philippines

Economic Context

ECONOMIC CONTEXT

During the 2nd half of the 19th century was a period of economic growth.

The 19th century is considered the birth of modern life, more so, it is the birth of many nation-states all over thee world. For us to understand what Dr. Jose Rizal have done during the nineteenth century, let us look the different developments and accomplishment on that period thatt changed and shaped the landscape of the Philippines, economy.

Education for Ilustrados

Education for Ilustrados

  • The ilustrados opened their minds to the opposing condition of the Philippines and Spain.

  • They witnessed how Spain enjoy freedom, free biase, injustice, and racial discrimination.

  • Influence their thinking on politics and nationhood.

  • The ilustrados including Dr. Jose Rizal organized the Propaganda movement to expose the condtion of the Philippines.

Opening of Suez Canal

Opening of the Suez Canal

  • It was officially opened on November 17, 1869.

  • Decreased the travel time of the Philippines to Spain from more than 2months to 30 days.

  • Importation of books, newspaper, and magazine from Europe and America.

  • Encourage more and more Spaniards and Europeans to come to the Philippines.

  • Filipino ilustrados were able to send their children to universities in Europe.

Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

  • It started with the invention of the steam engine and resulted to use machinery in the manifacturing sector in Europe.

  • It encourage Spain in 1834 to open the Philippine economy to world commerce.

  • It increased movement of trade around the world which made Filipinos of Spanish ancestry wealthier because they have connection to those who handled goods from the other countrys.

  • Formed a new group of influential middle class Filipino called "ilustrados".

  • Opening of Suez Canal.

Socio-Cultural Context

SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT

The 19th century also brought socio-cultural change in Spain and Philippines.

In the Philippines information through books and print media began to spread across the seas. The opening of the Suez Canal made these pieces of information readily available to the Filipinos by mail or hand-carried by travelers. The political and social developments of other countries also reached the Philippines. The desire for freedom and independence continued to grow among them.

Next, the 19th century Philippines saw the rise of middle- class, the principalias. With the increasing demand for abaca and other crops in Europe. Manila became a free port in 1834 primarily to European traders.

The increasing trade resulted to its gradual increase that can be attested to by these numbers :

"In 1831, hemp exports amounted to only about 346 tons. In 1837, it rose to 2,585 tons and in 1858, it rose up to 27,500 tons-two-thirds going to the United States. Also, in 1782, about 30,000 piculs of sugar were exported. This increased to 146,661 in 1840. It became 566,371 in 1854 and, in 1857, the amount rose to 714,059. 18 With an increase of exports (including tobacco, copra, coffee, and rice),

The increase trade

To enhance their trading capacities, Spain implemented the following measures :

1. Reformation of the Galleon Trade:

2. Settlement of the Spaniards in the provinces for agricultural and trade purposes; and

3. Government expropriation of the landed estates of the friar corporations.

Friars

Friars

Friars who owned the land exploited the tenants through flimsily increasing land rentals and taxes.

This resulted in several agrarian unrest and dissatisfaction with the living conditions of the Filipinos under the friar-owned estates.

Conclusion

UNDERSTANDING RIZAL IN THE CONTEXT OF THE 19th CENTURY PHILIPPINES:

Understanding Rizal in the Context of the 19th Century Philippines

  • Would Rizal be who he is today if the Philipine context in the 19th century were different?

  • RIzal Responded to the needs of the time

  • Rizal's idea of a Filipino nation would not be possible without the events of tghe 19th century.

END

THANK YOU

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