Introducing
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At the end of this Chapter, the students should be able to:
- Appraise the link between the individual and society.
- Analyze the various social, political, and economic changes that occurred in the nineteenth century.
- Demonstrate understanding of Jose Rizal in the Context of his time.
- Carlist Wars means struggle between Isabella and Charles
- Isabella's oveerthrow in 1868
- 19th Century was a period of Turbulent Century
- Canovite system or rotativism
- Liberals and Conservative
- Frequent changes or massive changes
- Political Instability in Spain.
- Death of King of Spain Ferdinand VII
- Spain is one of the Pioneer when it comes conquest.
-Year 1830 all of the Spain's american colonies have became independent except Cuba and Puerto Rico
- Isabella and Charles
On the other hand, there are significant events in the 19th century that contributed to the formation and the rest of the propagandists' consciousness were:
- Opening of the Suez Canal
- The democratic leadership of governor general dela torre (1869-1871)
- Governor general izquerdos' replacement of dela torre Which lead to the cavite mutiny. (1871-1873)
In the 19th century, there were massive changes in the world, particularly in Europe, Spain, and the Philippines. In this century, Rizal was born and exposed to varying political, economic, and socio-cultural realities. Rizal witnessed the effects brought by the Industrial Revolution, benefited from the opening of the Suez Canal, gained education in Europe, became an ilustrado, and took part in the Propaganda Movement.
- Jose Rizal was born in the 19th Century
- During this time, Spain's glory and rule as a colonial power was already waning.
- The Native of the philippines were slowly realizing the need to awaken their national consciousness.
- Newer production methods
- Propaganda movement
- Illustrados or the enlightened ones
During the 2nd half of the 19th century was a period of economic growth.
The 19th century is considered the birth of modern life, more so, it is the birth of many nation-states all over thee world. For us to understand what Dr. Jose Rizal have done during the nineteenth century, let us look the different developments and accomplishment on that period thatt changed and shaped the landscape of the Philippines, economy.
The 19th century also brought socio-cultural change in Spain and Philippines.
In the Philippines information through books and print media began to spread across the seas. The opening of the Suez Canal made these pieces of information readily available to the Filipinos by mail or hand-carried by travelers. The political and social developments of other countries also reached the Philippines. The desire for freedom and independence continued to grow among them.
Next, the 19th century Philippines saw the rise of middle- class, the principalias. With the increasing demand for abaca and other crops in Europe. Manila became a free port in 1834 primarily to European traders.
The increasing trade resulted to its gradual increase that can be attested to by these numbers :
"In 1831, hemp exports amounted to only about 346 tons. In 1837, it rose to 2,585 tons and in 1858, it rose up to 27,500 tons-two-thirds going to the United States. Also, in 1782, about 30,000 piculs of sugar were exported. This increased to 146,661 in 1840. It became 566,371 in 1854 and, in 1857, the amount rose to 714,059. 18 With an increase of exports (including tobacco, copra, coffee, and rice),
To enhance their trading capacities, Spain implemented the following measures :
1. Reformation of the Galleon Trade:
2. Settlement of the Spaniards in the provinces for agricultural and trade purposes; and
3. Government expropriation of the landed estates of the friar corporations.
Friars who owned the land exploited the tenants through flimsily increasing land rentals and taxes.
This resulted in several agrarian unrest and dissatisfaction with the living conditions of the Filipinos under the friar-owned estates.
UNDERSTANDING RIZAL IN THE CONTEXT OF THE 19th CENTURY PHILIPPINES: