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Behaviors

&

Attitudes

Social

Cognition

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

The Self

Self Presentation

Strategies people use to shape what others think of them

Monitoring The Self

Monitoring

The Self

Tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation

How we get to know the Self

How we

get to know the Self

The Self is made up of the perception of others behavior, the perception of our own behavior, and culture

Perceptions of Others’ Behavior

The self is defined in relation to others

Social Comparison Theory

Self Comparison

Theory

▪ Beliefs about themselves can then only be assessed relative to

others.

Perceptions of Own Behavior

Perception of Own Behavior

we can gain self-insight by observing our own behavior.

Self Perception Theory

Self Perception Theory

People's attitudes towards attributes by observing their behavior and the situation in which it occurs.

Facial Feedback Theory

Facial Feedback Theory

Changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in mood

Connection Explanation

Connection Explanation

Many psychologist have contucted research that demonstrate that emotions do follow behaviors. For example, it is stated in some of these studies that certain emotions were reported following certain behaviors, which had been manipulated by the experimenters such as making different facial expressions, gazes, and postures, which concluded in the subjects reporting that their emotions did change in correspondance to their practiced behaviors.

Self Perception Theory

Self Perception Theory

People's attitudes towards attributes by observing their behavior and the situation in which it occurs.

Facial Feedback

Theory

Facial Feedback theory

Changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in mood

Culture

Culture

Beliefs, attitudes, values, morals, norms, customs, roles, statuses, symbols, and rituals shared by a group

Collectivistic Culture

Collectivistic Culture

emphasis on interdependence,

cooperation, and the welfare of the group over the individual

Individualistic Culture

Individualistic Culture

emphasis on individual initiative,

achievement, and creativity over maintenance of social cohesion

Interdependent self-construal

Interdependent self-construal

they view themselves primarily

in terms of how one relates to others and contributes to the

greater whole.

Independent self-construal

Independent self-construal

they view themselves primarily as

a unique active agent serving one’s own goals.

Self Esteem

Self Esteem

an affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative evaluations; a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self worth.

Social Cognition

relates to the ways in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world.

Dual Process Theories

Dual Process Theory

theories used to explain a wide range of phenomena by positing two ways of processing information which are Kahneman’s System 1 and 2

Automatic Prossesing

Automatic Processing

Kahneman’s System 1 - the intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking; also known as intuition or gut feeling

Controlled Processing

Controlled Processing

Kahneman’s System 2 - the deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking

Attributions

Attributions

processes by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events

Causal Attributions

Causal Attriutions

explanations that people use for what caused a particular event or behavior.

Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency to attribute behavior to internal or dispositional qualities of the actor and consequently underestimate the causal role of situational factors.

Fundamental Attrubution Error

Connection Explanation

Connection Explanation

  • Some psychologists believe the Fundamental Attribution Error is a product of an individualistic Cultural worldview

  • Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic countries with a Collectivistic cultures (e.g., China) are more attentive to the situational context rather than the individual.

  • Socialization in a collectivist culture may sensitize people to contextual explanations of behavior therefore reducing the incidence of the FAE

  • Fundamental Attribution Error is also weaker among those of lower socioeconomic status and among Catholics

Culture

Culture

Beliefs, attitudes, values, morals, norms, customs, roles, statuses, symbols, and rituals shared by a group

  • Collectivistic Culture: emphasis on interdependence, cooperation, and the welfare of the group over the individual

  • Individualistic Culture: emphasis on individual initiative, achievement, and creativity over maintenance of social cohesion

Fundamental Attribution Error

Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency to attribute behavior to internal or dispositional qualities of the actor and consequently underestimate the causal role of situational factors.

Actor-Observer Effect

Actor- Observer Effect

the tendency to make internal/dispositional attributions for others’ behavior and external situational attributions for your own behavior

Rational Attributions

Rational Attributions

Kelley's Atribution Model

Kelley's Attribution Model

Kelley’s model also uses internal vs. external attributions:

• Internal attributions: disposition, attitude, personality, etc.

• External attributions: situation, circumstances, aspect of

....the environment, etc.

Bias

Biases

People's tendency to think a certain way so that they may be able to make quick judgements and make decisions quickly.

Confirmation Bias

Confirmation Bias

the tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.

Belief Perseverance

Belief Perseverance

the tendency to maintain beliefs, even after they have been discredited.

Self-Fullfilling Prophecies

Self-Fullfiling Prophecies

a false belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

Heuristics

Heuristics

mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that are used for making judgments and decisions

Connection Explanation

Connection Explanation

people to choose heuristics that help protect their beliefs and to systematically think about information in a biased way that supports these beliefs.

Self Esteem

Self Esteem

an affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative evaluations; a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self worth.

Dual Process Theory

Dual Process Theory

theories used to explain a wide range of phenomena by positing two ways of processing information which are Kahneman’s System 1 and 2

Bias

Bias

People's tendency to think a certain way so that they may be able to make quick judgements and make decisions quickly.

Heuristics

Heuristics

mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that are used for making judgments and decisions

Cognitive Misers

Cognitive Misers

as humans we have the tendency to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence.

Framing Effect

Framing Effect

when transparently and objectively identical situations generate dramatically different decisions depending on whether situations are presented or perceived as either potential losses or gains.

Representative Heuristics

Representative Heuristics

the tendency to assume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member.

Availability Heuristics

Availability Heuristics

the tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Cognitive Dissonance

Theory

the idea that people have a distaste for perceiving inconsistencies in their beliefs, attitudes, and behavior.

Justifying Attitudes

Justifying Attitude

When doing becomes believing in order to avoid dissonance

Effort Justification

Effort Justification

phenomenon whereby people reduce dissonance by convincing themselves that what they suffered for is actually quite valuable.

People will alter their attitudes to justify that for which they suffer

Connection Explanation

Connection Explanation

  • Effort justification is often used to reduce cognitive dissonance.
  • When there is Effort Justification, there is a dissonance between the amount of effort exerted into achieving a goal or completing a task and the subjective reward for that effort so by adjusting and increasing one's attitude or subjective value of the goal, this dissonance is resolved.

Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive Dissonance

the idea that people have a distaste for perceiving inconsistencies in their beliefs, attitudes, and behavior.

Effort Justification

Effort Justification

phenomenon whereby people reduce dissonance by convincing themselves that what they suffered for is actually quite valuable.

People will alter their attitudes to justify that for which they suffer

Justifying Attitude

Justifying Attitudes

When doing becomes believing in order to avoid dissonance

Ben Franklin Effect

Ben Franklin Effect

when you've done someone a favor and you're more likely to do it again

Self-Presentational Concern

Self- Presentational Concern

People may not want to publicly state true attitudes because of social desirability

Connection Explanation

Connection Explanation

By using Self-Monitors we also use Self-Presentational Concern to try to get other people to like us by behaving in ways that the others would find desirable

Self-Presentational Concern

Self-Presentational Concern

People may not want to publicly state true attitudes because of social desirability

Self-Monitoring

Self-Monitoring

Tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation

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