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Behaviors
&
Attitudes
Social
Cognition
The Self
Strategies people use to shape what others think of them
Tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation
The Self is made up of the perception of others behavior, the perception of our own behavior, and culture
The self is defined in relation to others
▪ Beliefs about themselves can then only be assessed relative to
others.
we can gain self-insight by observing our own behavior.
▪
People's attitudes towards attributes by observing their behavior and the situation in which it occurs.
Changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in mood
Many psychologist have contucted research that demonstrate that emotions do follow behaviors. For example, it is stated in some of these studies that certain emotions were reported following certain behaviors, which had been manipulated by the experimenters such as making different facial expressions, gazes, and postures, which concluded in the subjects reporting that their emotions did change in correspondance to their practiced behaviors.
People's attitudes towards attributes by observing their behavior and the situation in which it occurs.
Changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in mood
Beliefs, attitudes, values, morals, norms, customs, roles, statuses, symbols, and rituals shared by a group
emphasis on interdependence,
cooperation, and the welfare of the group over the individual
emphasis on individual initiative,
achievement, and creativity over maintenance of social cohesion
they view themselves primarily
in terms of how one relates to others and contributes to the
greater whole.
they view themselves primarily as
a unique active agent serving one’s own goals.
an affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative evaluations; a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self worth.
relates to the ways in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world.
theories used to explain a wide range of phenomena by positing two ways of processing information which are Kahneman’s System 1 and 2
Kahneman’s System 1 - the intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking; also known as intuition or gut feeling
Kahneman’s System 2 - the deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking
processes by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events
explanations that people use for what caused a particular event or behavior.
the tendency to attribute behavior to internal or dispositional qualities of the actor and consequently underestimate the causal role of situational factors.
Beliefs, attitudes, values, morals, norms, customs, roles, statuses, symbols, and rituals shared by a group
the tendency to attribute behavior to internal or dispositional qualities of the actor and consequently underestimate the causal role of situational factors.
the tendency to make internal/dispositional attributions for others’ behavior and external situational attributions for your own behavior
Kelley’s model also uses internal vs. external attributions:
• Internal attributions: disposition, attitude, personality, etc.
• External attributions: situation, circumstances, aspect of
....the environment, etc.
People's tendency to think a certain way so that they may be able to make quick judgements and make decisions quickly.
the tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
the tendency to maintain beliefs, even after they have been discredited.
a false belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that are used for making judgments and decisions
people to choose heuristics that help protect their beliefs and to systematically think about information in a biased way that supports these beliefs.
an affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative evaluations; a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self worth.
theories used to explain a wide range of phenomena by positing two ways of processing information which are Kahneman’s System 1 and 2
People's tendency to think a certain way so that they may be able to make quick judgements and make decisions quickly.
mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that are used for making judgments and decisions
as humans we have the tendency to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence.
when transparently and objectively identical situations generate dramatically different decisions depending on whether situations are presented or perceived as either potential losses or gains.
the tendency to assume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member.
the tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind.
the idea that people have a distaste for perceiving inconsistencies in their beliefs, attitudes, and behavior.
When doing becomes believing in order to avoid dissonance
phenomenon whereby people reduce dissonance by convincing themselves that what they suffered for is actually quite valuable.
People will alter their attitudes to justify that for which they suffer
the idea that people have a distaste for perceiving inconsistencies in their beliefs, attitudes, and behavior.
phenomenon whereby people reduce dissonance by convincing themselves that what they suffered for is actually quite valuable.
People will alter their attitudes to justify that for which they suffer
When doing becomes believing in order to avoid dissonance
when you've done someone a favor and you're more likely to do it again
People may not want to publicly state true attitudes because of social desirability
By using Self-Monitors we also use Self-Presentational Concern to try to get other people to like us by behaving in ways that the others would find desirable
People may not want to publicly state true attitudes because of social desirability
Tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation concerns of the situation