Chapter 9 & 11 Summer 2019

Introduction

• Capture audiences attention

• Introduce the topic

• Connect the topic to the audience

• Establish credibility

• State Central Idea with preview of main points

Preparation Outline Guidelines

Label Specific Purpose Statement, Central Idea, Title, Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbolization and Indentation

1.

A.

a.

Visual Framework - the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationship among the speaker's ideas

Guidelines Cont.

Use one full sentence per point

Include transitions and connectives

Attach a Works Cited page with your sources in MLA format

Review the sample outline on D2L under the "contents" tab

The Speaking Outline

Not the same as the preparation outline!

A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of the speech (not memorized)

Must use index cards or note cards

Guidelines for the Speaking Outline

Make your notes clear and easy to see

Keep the notes short and brief

Give yourself delivery cues

• eye contact
• pause
• smile

Example speaking outline on pg. 216-217

Speech Organization

Reasons to Organize

"Listeners demand coherence"

• no ability to look back or pause (writing)

Builds confidence as a speaker

Linked to critical thinking skills

Shows your preparation and expertise (credibility)

Strategic Organization

Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a desired result with a specific audience

Main Points - the major point developed in the body of the speech. Most speeches contain from two to three main points

Time management (strategic)

• 4-6 min speech

• 30 seconds intro, 4-5 min body, 30 seconds conclusion

Ordering Main Points

Chronological Order - speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

• Ex. The Great Wall of China was built in three major stages

Spatial Order - speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

• Ex. The American language is composed of multiple dialects

Causal Order - speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

• Ex. to show that the shortage of air-traffic controllers is a problem in U.S. aviation

Ordering Main Points Cont.

Problem-Solution Order - speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a potential solution to the problem

• Ex. to persuade my audience that the electoral college should be abolished

Topical Order - speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

• Ex. to inform my audience about the different research that is conducted at the Sanford Underground Research Lab

Preparing Main Points

• Keep main points separate (cover one thing at a time)
• Ex. electronic music has become more popular in recent years and is performed by many famous artists
• Use the same wording for each main point
• be repetitive in your words (easier to remember)
• Balance the time spent on each main point

Connecting Main Points

Connectives - words or phrases that connect the ideas of a speech and indicate the relationship among main points

• Transitions - a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
• Internal Preview - a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
• Internal Summary - a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or thought
• Signposts - a brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

Examples of Connectives

Transition - "with this in mind," "let's return to," "another idea". . .

Internal Preview - (in the body) "I will focus on three solutions," "in this main point, I will address two causes of..."

Internal Summary - "let's pause for a moment to recap the effects of..."

Signposts - "the first reason, the second cause, the last problem..."

Use often and label between each main point