PAI

Validity Indicators

Inconsistency (ICN):

> 64T : suggests consistent responding.

65T to 72T: indicates some inconsistency. Use caution.

73T or more: suggests inattentive or inconsistent responding. Call invalid.

Infrequency (INF):

59T or less: suggests appropriate attention and comprehension.

60T to 74T: indicates some atypical responding. Use caution.

75T or more: call invalid.

Negative Impression (NIM):

72T or less: indicate no appreciable impact from negative responding.

73T to 91T: indicates some exaggeration , cautious interpretation. Cry for help?

92T or more especially negative presentation, or malingering. Call invalid.

Positive Impression (PIM):

56T or less: no appreciable favorable impression.

57T to 67T: portrayed self as relatively free from common faults. Caution.

68T or more: call invalid.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) (24 items):

Schizophrenia

- 59T or less reflects a person who reports being effective in social relationships and who has not trouble with concentration or attention.

- 60T to 69T indicates a person who may be withdrawn, aloof and/or unconventional. At the upper end they are likely to be very cautious and hostile in their few relationships.

- 70T or more are likely to be isolated, feel misunderstood and alienated from others. Some difficulties in thinking, concentration, attention or decision-making are likely. May present unusual perceptions or beliefs with psychotic qualities.

- 90T or more are typically associated with an active schizophrenic episode. Confusion, withdrawal and suspiciousness along with poor judgment and reality-testing are likely. Psychotic symptoms are likely.

Borderline Features (BOR)

(24 items)

Borderline Features

- 59T or less suggests the person reports being emotionally stable, and in stable relationships.

- 60T to 69T indicate the person may be moody, sensitive, with uncertainty about life goals. Young adults often score in this range. At the upper end of this range anger and dissatisfaction with relationships increases.

- 70T or more the person is likely to be impulsive and emotionally labile, feeling misunderstood with difficulty maintaining close relationships. Others often see this person as egocentric. A combination of anger-hostility and anxiety-dependence make them difficult to deal with.

- 92T or more are typically associated with personality functioning within the borderline range. Often in state of crisis, generally due to relationships. Hostility, anger and feeling betrayed are common. Often depressed, impulsive, anxious, self destructive, or sabotage their own goals. Use of chemicals, suicide or aggression are common.

Antisocial Features (ANT)

(24 items)

- 59T or less reflects a person who reports being reasonable empathetic and warm in their relationships. These people often have reasonable control over their impulses have an internalized set or standards and do not take great risks.

- 60T to 69T suggests a person who may be seen as impulsive and a risk taker. Young adults often score in this range (particularly males). At the upper end of this range there may be increasing self-centeredness, skepticism of others and unsympathetic attitudes.

- 70T or more hostility and impulsiveness are likely. There is often a history of antisocial actions. Others may see them as exploitive, and they often have difficulty with long-term relationships.

- 82T or more are typically associated with prominent features of antisocial personality disorder. Often seen as unreliable, irresponsible, and having little sustained success in sustained occupational or social activities. Often these people are coldly pragmatic, and exploitative for their own needs. recklessness and a history of conflicts with authority figures are common.

Antisocial

Features

Alcohol Problems (ALC) (12 items)

Alcohol Problems

- 59T or less indicates a person who reports little to moderate alcohol use and few adverse consequences related to drinking.

- 60T to 69T are indicative of a person who may drink regularly and may have experienced some adverse consequences of drinking. As the score in this range increase the likelihood of difficulties increases.

- 70T or more indicate responses which generally suggest alcohol abuse. Significant difficulties due to drinking are likely. Relationships and/or work with possible general functioning likely to have suffered from drinking.

- 84T or more (average scores for those in treatment centers) are typically associated with alcohol dependence. Typically these folks are unable to cut down on their drinking, feel guilty about use and may have had blackouts.

98T or more are associated with an extreme degree of alcohol dependence.

Drug Problems (DRG) (12 items)

- 59T or lower indicates responses suggesting a person who uses infrequently or not at all.

- 60T to 69T are indicative of a person who may use drugs on a fairly regular basis, and may experienced some adverse consequences as a result. Toward the upper end of the range increasing likelihood of past or current history of difficulties related to use.

- 70T or more the person is likely to meet the criteria for drug abuse. Difficulties in work or social performance are common. General functioning may be compromised.

- 80T or more (average scores for treatment centers) are typically associated with drug dependence. Folks are likely to have trouble reducing use, and feel unable to control use. dependence and withdrawal are likely. Social and occupational interference are likely.

- 96T or more are associated with extreme drug dependance.

Drug Problems

Somatic Complaints (SOM) (24 items):

- 59T or less indicates few bodily or somatic complaints.

- 60T to 69T some concerns; medical patients, or elderly

- 70T or more significant concerns and impairment from somatic concerns. Unhappy and pessimistic

- 88T or more indicates a wide array of somatic concerns, involving several biological systems. In most cases these people will have diagnosable somatoform disorders. Little insight., poor prognosis.

Somatic Complaints

Anxiety (ANX) (24 items):

Anxiety

- 59T or less reflects a person with few complaints of anxiety, worry or tension.

- 60T to 69T indicates some worry, sensitivity and/or tension.

- 70T or more indicate significant anxiety, worry and/or tension.

- 91T or more usually indicates generalized impairment associated with anxiety. Serious constriction in life. Trouble meeting minimal role expectations. Mild stressors often precipitation a crisis. Generally a diagnosable anxiety disorder.

If elevated but ARD (next considered) is not suggest free floating. If ARD has an elevation specific area is indicated.

Anxiety-Related Disorders (ARD) (24 items)

Anxiety-Related Disorders

- 59T or less indicates little distress across many situations

- 60T to 69T indicates a specific area of concern, little confidence and worry.

- 70T or more suggest impairment associated with anxiety related condition(s). Insecure, self-doubting and ruminative.

- 91T or higher is likely to reflect multiple anxiety disorder diagnosis, broad impairment in functioning due to anxiety related conditions. Severe turmoil is likely. Guilt ridden and unable to control anxiety.

Depression (DEP) (24 items):

- 59T or less reflects a person with few complaints about unhappiness or distress. Stability, self-confidence, active, and relaxed.

- 60T to 69T indicates some unhappiness, sensitivity, pessimism, and/or self-doubt.

- 70T or higher indicates significant dysphoria. Despondency, withdrawal, ahedonia, moody, dissatisfied and/or guilt-ridden.

- 81T or more is indicative or a major depressive episode.

Depression

Mania (MAN) (24 items)

- 54T or less few endorsed items relating the the features of mania or hypomania.

- 55T to 64T may be seen as active, outgoing, ambitious, and self-confident. But, by the time they reach the upper end of this range, they are likely to be impatient, or hostile with a quick temper.

- 65T to 74T is associated with increasing restlessness, impulsivity, and high energy levels. Often seen as unsympathetic and hotheaded.

- 75T or more are typically associated with disorders such as mania, hypomania or cyclothymia. Take on more than they can handle, react with hostility to restrictions on their activities, impulsive, poor delay or gratification. Judgment is often poor and impairment in functioning is likely. Flight of ideas, grandiosity, and inflated sense or self-importance is likely. Narcissism.

Mania

Paranoia (PAR) (24 items):

Paranoia

- 59T or less indicates a person is likely to be open and forgiving in relationships.

- 60T to 69T are indicative of individuals who may bee seen as sensitive, tough-minded, and skeptical. Towards the upper end, wary or cautious in relationships.

- 70T or higher person is likely to be overtly suspicious and hostile. Very distrustful.

- 84T or higher typically associated with paranoia of a potentially delusional proportion. Veery bitter and resentful of their treatment by others. Expect others to be trying to exploit them. Very jealous in close relationships. Ideas of reference, delusions of persecution are not uncommon.

Aggression (AGG) (18 items)

- 40T or less may indicate a meek and unassertive person.

- 59T or less reflect a reasonable control over the expression of anger and hostility.

60T to 69T are indicative of someone who may be seen as impatient, irritable and quick-tempered. Upper end of range increasing anger and angry reactions likely.

- 70T or more are associated with chronic anger and free expression of this anger or hostility. The modality of expression should be examined closely

- 83T or more are typically associated with considerable anger and potential for aggression. These people are easily provoked, are are often explosive. Poor frustration tolerance. People are often afraid of their temper, and close relationships are suffering from it. History of fights, and other episodes are likely

Aggression

Suicidal Ideation (SUI) (12 items)

- 59T or less generally reflects a person who has few (or no) thoughts about suicide and death.

- 60T to 69T are indicative of a person who entertains periodic and transient thoughts of suicide and is pessimistic and unhappy about the future. Follow-up is suggested.

- 70T or more indicate responses of significant suicidal ideation. Individuals are typically anxious or depressed. Generally see themselves as without support. “cries for help” are sometimes seen in this range. Careful evaluation is indicated.

- 84T or more (average scores for suicidal inpatients) are associated with imminent plans for self-harm. Immediate evaluation is indicated. Generally have little hope, feel unsupported, despair, feel useless, feel ineffectual, feel bitter.

101T or more are rare and suggest a morbid preoccupation with thought or suicide.

Suicidal ideation

nonSupport

Measures perceived lack of social support, including 

the availability and quality of supportive others.

– Item content assesses the nature of relationships with 

family, friends, and acquaintances

NonSupport

Stress (STR) (8 items)

Stress

- 59T or less reflects a person who reports his or her life as being stable, predictable, and uneventful.

- 60T to 69T indicates a moderate degree of stress as a result of difficulties in some major life area.

- 70T or more the stress related to significant difficulties is likely to be significant. At risk for adjustment or reactive disorders.

- 77T to 91T indicate people who perceive themselves as surrounded by crisis in nearly all major life area. Their life is in turmoil. Often feel powerless to control their life.

Treatment Rejection (RXR) (8 items):

Treatment rejection

- 42T or less indicates the respondent recognizes major difficulties in his/her functioning and sees an acute need for help.

- 43T to 52T reflects a person who acknowledges the need to make some changes, has a positive attitude toward personal change, and accepts personal responsibility. The scores at the upper end of this range are not generally found for those with some type of impairment.

- 53T to 62T are found for those who are generally satisfied with their themselves as they are and see little need for major change. At the upper end of this range generally have little motivation to enter therapy and are at risk for early termination.

- 63T or more reflects a person who admits to few difficulties and has no desire to change the status quo. These people rarely seek therapy on their own, and are resistant to therapy. Often these people see little value in treatment and will not invest (emotionally or financially) in it.

Dominance (DOM) (12 items)

- 29T or less indicates a very submissive style. The person has little confidence in social situations. Often have difficulty getting their needs met in personal relationships. May be exploited by others.

- 30T to 39T suggests individuals who are rather modest and retiring. They are generally self-conscious in social situations, and are not skilled at asserting themselves when needed. Generally uncomfortable if the focus of attention.

- 60T to 69T suggests an individual who is self-assured, confident, and forceful. Not unfriendly, but may be very self-reliant and controlling. Generally comfortable in social settings but prefers settings where they are in control

- 70T or more the person's need for control is generally quite pronounced. This probably taxes the endurance of those who are close to the respondent. Person tends to be domineering. low tolerance for those who disagree. Others often see the person as self-important, overbearing and dictorial.

Dominance

Warmth (WRM) ( 12 items):

Warmth

- 29T or less indicates a person who has little interest or investment in social interactions. These people are often seen as cold and unfeeling, and they have little patience with the faults of others. Difficulty displaying emotions, few (if any) close relationships.

- 30T to 39T indicates the person is somewhat distant in personal relationships. Often this person sees little need for close, lasting relationships. Often seen as unsympathetic and stern. Less concerned about others opinions than is usually true.

- 60T to 69T suggest and individual who is warm, sympathetic, and supportive. Generally eager to be liked with being critical is often hard for them even when needed. Ready to forgive and may be taken advantage of by others.

- 70T or more indicates a need for acceptance which is very pronounced. May be very dependent. Others see them as too trusting, and supportive of others for their own good.

Profile manipulation check

Validity supp. indicators

Clinical scales

Treatment scales

Interpersonal dimensions