The Muslim World

Objectives

TEKS 113.42 (c)(1)(C) ... the development of Islamic caliphates and their impact on Asia, Africa, and Europe ...

TEKS 113.42 (c)(4)(D) explain the political, economic, and social impact of Islam on Europe, Asia, and Africa

TEKS 113.42 (c)(23)(A) describe the historical origins, central ideas, and spread of major religious and philosophical traditions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Sikhism, and the development of monotheism

TEKS 113.42 (c)(25)(D) explain how Islam influences law and government in the Muslim world

rISE OF iSLAM

Islam Expands

Islam Expands

Religious & Ethical Systems

Empire Building

Cultural Interaction

DESERTS, TOWNS, & TRADE ROUTES

• Arabian Peninsula crossroads of 3 continents

• Only small region in South fertile, rest desert

• Populated by small tribes called Bedouins
• nomadic herders
• organized into family clans

• Mecca becomes important religious & commercial center

Muslim conquest & rule, 8th century

MECCA

1880

1907

• Arabs came to worship at a sacred spot in Mecca called Ka'aba every year

• Believe Abraham & Ishmael built first temple to God here

• Angel delivered stone to Abraham

• Overtime, 360 idols erected around the sacred black stone

2008

DIVERSITY

• Lots of Christians & Jews lived within Arabian Peninsula

• Arabs practiced pagan religions, but some believed in monotheistic deity Allah

• Arab peoples not unified, but divided into small tribal units or clans.

Arabian Peninsula, c. 500 AD

MUHAMMAD: THE MAN

• Born in Mecca to Hashemite clan of a powerful family
• Orphaned at 6 years old, raised by his grandparents
• Became a caravan manager & trader
• Hired by Khadijah, later married her
• she proposed to him; he was 25, she was 40.

Khadijah tomb, destroyed by Saudis in 1932

Muhammed & Khadijah, 16th

MUHAMMAD: THE PROPHET

• Disliked the holy month when pagans came to worship their idols
• Would go to meditate in cave outside Mecca
• claimed Angel Gabriel appeared to him in a cave to say chosen as prophet by Allah

Cave of Hira, where Muslims believe Gabriel appeared

GABRIEL'S MESSAGE TO MUHAMMAD

"Recite in the name of your Lord who created

Created man from a clinging substance.

Recite, and your Lord is the most Generous

Who taught by the pen

Taught man that which he knew not."

Surah 96:1-5

THE HIJRAH ("MIGRATION")

• Not everyone was excited for Mohammad's reforms

• Ruling families threatened Mohammed's life & he fled to a neighboring city Yatrib (later Medina)

• Such an important event Muslims record time from this A.H. "In the year of the Hijrah" AH 1

• Mohammed proved to be a good leader, organized an army of 10,000 believers to retake Mecca

• Marched into Ka'aba, circled 7x, destroyed idols

MOHAMMED'S DEATH

• After unifying Arabian Peninsula & ruling Mecca, he died about 62

• Muslims believe at one point in his life, he flew to Jerusalem on a winged horse, to the spot where the Jewish temple was located; ascended into Heaven & came back, now called "Dome of the Rock"

• He died & buried in Medina (empty tomb there for Jesus, too)

FAITH

• There is only one God -- Allah & Muhammed is his prophet

• Qu'ran is the direct word of Allah, recited to Mohammed
• Qu'ran can only be read in Arabic
• helped unify Muslim & Arabs under one language

• Following Muhammad's life as an example (Sunna) is best practice for Muslim
• Shari'a Laws dictate moral & ethical conduct for practicing Muslims

The adzhan (call to worship):

God is the Greatest | There is no god but Allah

I acknowledge that Mohammed is his prophet

Hasten to prayer

Hasten to success

God is the Greatest | There is no god but Allah

FIVE PILLARS

• Faith - One God, Allah & Mohammed is his messenger

• Prayer - 5x a day, facing Mecca

• Fasting - during holy month of Ramadan

• Charity - Must give to charity (usually during Ramadan)

• Hajj - Make a pilgrimage once in your life to Mecca from Medina to follow in Mohammed's footsteps (Shi'a don't do this)

CONNECTIONS

• Judaism, Christianity, & Islam called "Abrahamic religions" because founded on Abraham's monotheism

• All three religions believe in a sacred text as the actual word of that God

• Muslims call Christians "People of the Book" (referring to Bible)

• Muslims believe Jesus was a prophet, and Mary was a virgin when she conceived

THE HAJJ

• In 2017, 1.8M people made a pilgrimage to Mecca during the Hajj on their calendar (2.9M in 2011)

• As oil supply dwindles, Saudi Arabia plans to replace that revenue with tourism for Hajj

• Saudi has complete control over who can visit (Shi'a not allowed) & how many can arrive from each country (each country has a quota & lotto)

National Geographic Video on the Hajj

AFTER MOHAMMED

• Mohammed died in AD 632 he left no leader

• Per Arab tradition, the Muslim community elected a caliph or spiritual "successor"

• Abu Bakr was the first convert to Islam outside Mohammed's family & later Mohammed's father in law through his wife Aisha

Abu Bakr's name in Arabic

CALIPHATE

• Abu Bakr used his knowledge of Qu'ran & Mohammed's life as a model for religion

• had to reunite & assert his role as spiritual head all Muslims by conquering other people who had left the faith or claimed their own prophethood

• This "struggle" or jihad involved inner conflict, but later became used to describe all armed conflict with non-believers

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

deceased head of ISIS

why do you think he chose this name?

"RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS"

• The first three caliphs are called "right-guided" because they followed Mohammed's example as leader, and knew him

• United all of Arabia & began to spread out to other regions in Middle East

• Allowed conquered people to remain their religion, but had to pay special tax (no forced conversion)

• Christians & Jewish couldn't seek converts but could hold political & academic offices

Arabian Conquest

INTERNAL CONFLICT

• Third Caliph murdered, created power struggle

• By tradition, Mohammed's cousin/son-in-law should have become next caliph, but also killed

• Another family from Syria, the Umayyads, seized power & moved capital from Mecca to Damascus

• This angered traditional Arabs who felt too far from spiritual homeland

SUNNI-SHI'A SPLIT

ABBASIDS

• Rebel group known as Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads

• To consolidate power, Abbasids moved capital to new city called Baghdad

• Ruled until the 1200s when a Shi'a dynasty, the Fatmid, took power

• Descended from Fatima, Mahummed's only daughter with Kadijah

• Hashemite = Muhammed's descendants

MUSLIM CITIES

• Baghdad became an important city in early Islam

• Early culture divided into 4 classes
• Muslim at birth (top)
• Muslim converts (2nd)
• Non-Muslims - Jews, Christians, etc (3rd)
• Non-Muslim slaves

Early map of Baghdad, n.b. "Round City"

MUSLIM WOMEN

• Like Bible, Qu'ran says men should have control over women's business/financial affairs & women should be obedient

• Shar'ia law allows women to own property & wealth -- at the time very different than India, Europe, or China

• Poor women worked in fields with husbands, wealthier women received education

• Over time, in some Islamic places, women lost rights as part of local customs (Saudi vs. Indonesia)

Hijab is the headcovering

ASTRONOMY

ASTRONOMY

ISLAMIC ART