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Cardiovascular

Disease

Prevention

Marlenne Escobar, Gabriella Nunez,

Karla Carrillo,

Marissa Ysiano,

& Tyra Burja

Exercise is Medicine

Cardiovascular Diseases

Take a moment to think..............

What do we know about the cardiovascular system???

What have we learned about CVDs???

What are CVDs???

The Cardiovascular System

  • Transports blood, nutrients, and oxygen to the body

Composed of three Elements:

  • Heart: pumps the blood
  • Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood way from the heart
  • Veins: Carry blood to the heart

Normal Blood Flow is important

blood supply has transportation responsibilities

CVDs

What are the consequences of having problems with the three elements (Blood Flow)?

Types of CVDS

  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
  • High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
  • High Cholesterol

  • Can you think of any other type of CVDs?

All CVDs disrupt normal blood flow in the body

Coronary Artery Disease

CAD

  • Develops when the heart cannot deliver oxygenated blood to the heart
  • CAD is caused by plaque buildup (Cholesterol and other fatty substances) in the walls of the arteries
  • causes the inside of the arteries to narrow over time & leads to partial or total blockage of blood flow.
  • Heart Attack & Stroke

High Blood Pressure

  • Occurs when the force of blood flowing through your blood vessels, is consistently too high.
  • If left untreated, leads to heart attack, stroke, and heart failure

High Blood Pressure

High Cholesterol

High Cholesterol

  • Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in your blood.
  • HDL: Good Cholesterol
  • LDL: Bad Cholesterol
  • Body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells
  • High cholesterol can limit blood flow, increasing risk of heart attack or stroke.

PHYSIOLOGY AND S & S OF CVDs

Why does it occur?

PHYSIOLOGY

PHYSIOLOGY OF CVD

  • CVD is an umbrella term for multiple conditions and diseases
  • Referring to damage to the heart and blood vessels
  • Atheroscelrosis: major cause of CVD

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

WHAT IS ATHEROSCLEROSIS?

  • Major and most common cause of cardiovascular disease
  • Build up of arterial plaque
  • Fat, cholesterol, calcium
  • Thickens and stiffens artery walls
  • Healthy arteries are elastic
  • Inhibit blood flow
  • Caused by correctable problems

SIGNS &

SYMPTOMS

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF CVD

Cardiovascular diseases have an array of symptoms that can affect people differently

Some CVDs may be silent or go undiagnosed until a patient has a heart attack, arrythmia, stroke, or goes into cardiac arrest

Loss of consciousness

Heart palpitations

Difficulty breathing

Chest pain

Threat of CVD

Risk Factors

Is everyone living with the same risk of cardiovascular disease?

What are Risk Factors?

What are Risk Factors?

There are variables that can directly or indirectly influence the likelihood of getting a disease or injury.

Risk Factor Types

Risk Factors

Intrinsic Factor- are personal or "set" factors which increase or decrease the likelihood of an individual developing CVD.

Extrinsic Factors- are eternal or lifestyle variables that increase or decrease the possibility of developing CVD.

Intrinsic Factors increasing the risk of CVD

Intrinsic Factors

  • Age (65 and older, and/or postmenopausal)
  • Sex (male)
  • Family history
  • Race ( African Americans, Indigenous Natives and Mexican Americans)

Extrinsic Factors increasing the risk of CVD

Extrinsic Factors

  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Sedentary Lifestyle
  • Uncontrolled Diabetes
  • Mismanaged stress
  • High Blood Pressure
  • Alcohol Intake

What can we do to cure CVD?

Improved

Mood

there is no cure, BUT we can try to prevent it & slow it down

What can we do to slow down CVD?

Maintain a Healthy Weight

  • being over-weight or obese greatly increases the risk of developing CVDs

Maintain a Healthy Weight

What is a "healthy" weight?

There are MANY ways to determine a healthy weight for each individual & YOU know quite a few!

All of these methods can be used cumulatively to determine a healthy weight for an individual

BMI

BMI

BIA

Skinfolds

Body Fat %

Body

Fat %

Girths & Circumferences

What can we do to slow down CVD?

What are appropriate Cholesterol & Blood Pressure Values?

  • Regularly checking Cholesterol & Blood Pressure levels is important to identify the risk of developing CVDs

Manage Cholesterol & BP

What can we do to slow down CVD?

NO Smoking

  • avoiding becoming a smoker & inhaling second hand smoke can prevent the development of CVDs
  • chemicals in tabacco & cigarette smoke can have adverse effects on the heart, blood vessels, and oxygen in the blood

Do NOT Smoke

What can we do to slow down CVD?

Manage

Stress

Manage Stress

  • managing stress can improve overall mood & mental health
  • properly managing stress can prevent unhealthy lifestyle choices that can lead to a higher risk of CVD
  • such as: overeating, excessive alcohol consumption, and drug use

What can we do to slow down CVD?

Maintain a Healthy Diet

  • food that is high in saturated & trans fat can increase the risk of CVD
  • limiting excess processed foods, salt, and sugar can decrease the risk of developing CVDs and diabetes

Maintain a Healthy Diet

What about healthy recommendations?

What can we do to slow down CVD?

Exercise!!

What does exercising do?

Exercise

  • it improves blood circulation
  • reduces high blood pressure
  • improves HDL/LDL ratio
  • prevents clots

How Can Exercise Decrease the Likelihood of Developing a CVD?

Effects of Exercise

Cardiovascular Adaptations

Improves Blood Circulation

When we exercise:

  • Adrenaline stimulates the heart to beat faster and Arteries and veins expand to accommodate the increased demand of blood flow
  • As the heart beats faster, the muscle gets stronger and more efficient. As a result, each beat pumps more blood to the body
  • You will store more water in your blood, making it more dilute, and making it easier to break down blood clots

What is Blood Pressure and Exercises Effect on it

Prevents and Reduces High Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is the measure of arterial resistance that blood pumped from the heart must overcome in order to properly circulate

Physical activity leads to increase in heart strength due to the stress on the heart, leading to increased in blood output, more blood being ejected with each contraction, thus lowering blood pressure.

Exercise's Effect on HDL/LDL Ratio

Improves Cholesterol

In sedendary populations:

  • exercise can increase HDL levels by 20%
  • exercise can decrease LDL levels by 10-15%

A 10-20% positive change in Cholesterol levels can decrease CVD risk significantly

Why do we want a in LDL?

Why do we want an in HDL?

High Density Lipoprotein

"

HDL

  • also known as the “Good” Cholesterol
  • the main function of HDL is to absorb excess cholesterol & return it to the liver to be reabsorbed

  • there is a negative correlation between HDL & CVD
  • which means as HDL levels increase, the risk of CVD goes Down

"

Low Density Lipoprotein

"

LDL

  • also known as the "Bad” Cholesterol
  • it initiates Atherosclerosis, "the build up of plaque inside an artery wall"
  • which can lead to:
  • restriction of blood flow in the artery
  • rupture of building plaque
  • blood clots

"

Article:

Article

Influences of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Other Precursors on Cardiovascular Diseases and All Cause Mortality in Men and Women and Results

OBJECTIVE

  • This article was about a study done in the USA that took place from December 6, 1970- December 31, 1989 in order to quantify the relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and all- cause mortality

OBJECTIVE

RELATIVE RISKS OF CVD & ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY

!

smoking

low fitness

Elevated sysyolic Blood Pressure

Risks

!

chronic illness

poor health status

elevated serum cholesterol levels

!

Abnormal ECG

PARTICIPANTS

PARTICIPANTS

  • 25, 341 MEN
  • 7,080 WOMEN
  • Between the ages of 20-88

Examination

examination

• The preventive medical exam included obtaining height/weight and calculating BMI, Heart Rate, ECG, Blood chemistry test, Blood pressure, medical history, cigarette smoking history, and fitness level.

  • All participants completed a preventive medical exam and completed at least 85% of predicated HR max on a treadmill test

Evaluation

evaluation

  • 20% of participants were quantified to be in the low fitness range
  • 40% Moderately fit
  • 40% Highly Fit

RESULTS

THE TEST

• The Relative risks (RRs) for low fitness were among the highest seen of all-cause mortality

  • Low fitness and smoking were both largely associated with CVD mortality in Men and Women LOW FITNESS being the strongest precursor

• The third major finding was that moderate and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness seem to provide protection against the force of combinations of other mortality predictors on deaths. fitness was inversely associated with death rates in persons who had no other predictors or had any 1 predictors. High-fit persons with multiple predictors had lower death rates than low-fit persons who had no other predictors

MEN RESULTS

MEN

• 601 died during observation 226 due to CVD

• Found that all precursors highly correlated with CVD and all- cause mortality

• general pattern was that of a considerably lower death rate in moderately fit men compared with those in the low-fitness group all-cause death rates were from 17% to 39% lower in moderately fit men compared with low-fit men who smoked cigarettes, had elevated blood pressure

WOMEN RESULTS

WOMEN

• 89 died 21 from CVD

• Elevated glucose and abnormal ECG were the primary precursors associated with CVD mortality however low fitness was close

• general pattern was that of a considerably lower death rate in moderately fit women compared with those in the low-fitness group all-cause death rates were from 48% to 67% lower in moderately fit women compared with low-fit women who smoked cigarettes, had elevated blood pressure

CONCLUSIONS

CONCLUSIONS

Overall Low fitness is an important precursor of mortality. Fitness has a protective factor for both smokers and nonsmokers, those with and without elevated cholesterol levels or elevated blood pressure, and unhealthy and healthy

persons. However there are even better RR's if non smoker and are in relative good health as well

Quiz &

References

Don't forget to test your knowledge using our quiz!

References

Heart disease. (2018, March 22). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118

Influences of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Other Precursors on Cardiovascular Disease and All

Cause Mortality in Men and Women. Blair SN, Kampert JB, Kohl HW, et al. JAMA. 1996;276(3):205–210. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540030039029

How to Help Prevent Heart Disease At Any Age. (2015, April 1). Retrieved April 15, 2020,

from https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/how-to-help-prevent-heart-disease-at-any-age

Lowenstern , A. M., Li, S., Navar, A. M., Roger, V. L., Robinson, J. G., Goldberg, A. C., … Lee, V. L. (2018). Measurement of Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Primary and

Secondary Prevention Patients: Insights From the PALM Registry. Journal of American Heart Association, 7(18). Retrieved from https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.118.009251

Pinckard, K., Baskin, K. K., & Stanford, K. I. (2019). Effects of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 6, 69. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00069

Prevent Heart Disease. (2020, March 20). Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/prevention.htm

Risk factors in health and disease. (2019, August 12). Retrieved from https://www.eupati.eu/pharmacoepidemiology/risk-factors-health-disease/

Ruiz-Esparza, G. U., Flores-Arredondo, J. H., Segura-Ibarra, V., Torre-Amione, G., Ferrari, M., Blanco, E., & Serda, R. E. (2013). The physiology of cardiovascular disease and innovative

liposomal platforms for therapy. International journal of nanomedicine, 8, 629–640. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S30599

Strategies to prevent heart disease. (2019, October 26). Retrieved April 15, 2020,

from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/in-depth/heart-disease-prevention/art-20046502

What is Cardiovascular Disease? (2017, May 17). Retrieved from https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/consumer-healthcare/what-is-cardiovascular-disease

9 Heart Disease Risk Factors That You Can Control. (2004). Retrieved from

https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/patients-visitors/blog/9-risk-factors-for-heart-disease-that-you-can-control

Quiz Link

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Quiz Link

Click the Link

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http://www.quizbean.com/r/5e99d7e6bd66a

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