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Transcript

INDIAN MUTINY

Battaglia Lorenzo Filianoti Daniele

Cannova Leonardo Guglielmo Edoardo

-Atrocities

-Propaganda

-Critiques

-Delhi

-Cawnpore

-Ouhd

-Central India

-Escape to Delhi

-Bahadur Shah Zafar emperor of all india

-Identification of leaders

- British expansion

- Religion

- Westernization

- Doctrine of Lapse

-Technologies

-Cartriges

Causes

-Religion: The common thread that brought to an unlikely alliance between the Muslims and Hindus was the perceived danger posed to the native religions of the Indian sub-continent. The britains started practicing european religions in India.

-Westernization; Dalhousie's reforms concerned education, infrastructures, healthcare for the low-cast-members, direct taxation, women emancipation and the right of remarriage for Hindu widows.

-Technology: The technology introduced in India to make it more efficient and modern had some positive and negative consequences. The natives used to see boats and trains as monsters overruling nature. In addition an entire continent had to adapt to a new life and some of them also changed the cats system.

-Cartridges: More speculative than certain this was the last drop, when the indians discovered that EIC used beef fat to oil their new muskets,

Causes

Early events

After the firts riot in meerut, the sepoy troops headed to the nearest English-free city, dheli.

Bahadur Shah Zafar proclaimed himself Emperor of all India. Many suggest that he was obliged by the Sepoys and his courtiers. The Emperor minted coins in his name, one of the oldest symbols for asserting his imperial status, and his name was thus added to the khuṭba.

There have been several attempts to identify leaders who might command the disorganized Indian army.

Early events

Main battlefields

From the time of the mutineers’ seizure of Delhi, the British operations to suppress the mutiny were divided into three parts. First came the desperate struggles at Delhi, Kanpur, and Lucknow during the summer; then the operations around Lucknow in the winter of 1857–58, directed by Sir Colin Campbell; and finally the “mopping up” campaigns of Sir Hugh Rose in early 1858. Peace was officially declared on July 8, 1859.

Main battelfields

Delhi

The city of Delhi became the centre of the uprising. It was the seat of Bahadur Shah Zafar, the old and largely powerless Mughal Emperor. The mutineers from Meerut had immediately gone there to ask for his support and leadership, which he reluctantly gave.

Delhi occupied a key strategic position between Calcutta and the new territories of the Punjab. Its recapture was a priority for the British.

Delhi

Cawnpore

Cawnpore was a major crossing point on the River Ganges, and an important junction, where the Grand Trunk Road and the road from Jhansi to Lucknow crossed. In June 1857 the sepoys there rebelled and laid siege to Major-General Sir Hugh Wheeler’s garrison.

Wheeler had retreated to an entrenchment outside the city. Nana Sahib, a local ruler who had suffered from the British seizure of his estate, led the rebels. For nearly three weeks, under constant fire and a burning sun, 1,000 Britons awaited rescue.

The "Devil's wind"

The Cawnpore massacre inflamed British feelings. They left the site untouched as a reminder to newly arrived troops. News of the atrocity, and others like it elsewhere, installed a desire for revenge. In the early months of the British recovery few mutineers were captured alive. Thousands were indiscriminately hanged and many innocent civilians killed.

When trials were held, those convicted of mutiny were blown from cannon. It was a cruel punishment with a religious dimension. By blowing the body to pieces the victim lost hope of entering paradise. The people of northern India called the long period of reprisals ‘the Devil’s Wind’.

Oudh and Lucknow

When news of the rising reached Sir Henry Lawrence, the Chief Commissioner of Oudh, he fortified his Lucknow Residency, and stockpiled supplies, ready for a siege.

Lucknow was the capital of Oudh, a state annexed the year before in a move that caused great resentment. The sepoys rebelled on 30 May 1857 and this was followed by riots in the city.

Oudh and Lucknow

Central India

Opposition to British control of central India centered on Jhansi, where Rani Lakshmi Bai opposed the annexation of her state. In June 1857 the Bengal Army regiments stationed in central India mutinied. The Gwalior Contingent, a force in the service of the pro-British Maharajah Sindia, joined them.

On 5 June, British officers, civilians and Indian servants who were sheltering in Jhansi fort, were killed by the Rani’s men. The rebels had offered to spare their lives if they surrendered, and it was believed that the Rani had guaranteed their safety.

-Both sides committed atrocities, with an estimate (in Odur alone) of 150000 indians with 100000 being civilians

-Cawnpore massacre

John bull as the octopus of imperialism, 1882

-"No prisoners" policy

-Subsequent critiques and repercussion

British empire propaganda

End of the war and British reprisal

Consequences

  • The East Indian Company was abolished in favour of the direct rule of india by the British government, which removed the commercial approach previously present in the Court of Directors
  • India recieved a place for a rappresentative in the Legislaive council
  • The educational and public works programs continued (roads, railways), and were stimulated by their value in a potential future crisis
  • The occidentalization effect on society changed the caste system bringing up a strong middle class with a heightened sense of nationalism

Consequences

-Direct rule of india by the british crown

-Army reorganization

-Policy of consultation

-Nationalism and middle class

-Public work and education

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