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Continuities:
Changes:
- Count Cavour secreatly allied with France against Austria (control of Lombardy and Venetia)
- uprisings in north and central -> join Piedmont-Sardinia (conservative way)
- revolutionary Garibaldi in south (sicily)
- Cavour sidlined Sicily -> Kingdom of Italy
- radical democratic -> conservative
(popular support for a centralized government)
- numerous German states & their division
1. ethnic: Austria vs Prussia
2. religious: Catholic vs Lutheran
- Prussia: modern industries
- Otto von Bismarck attacked Austria -> took no land but formed North German Confederation
- attacked France: conflict and division of two provinces -> enmity
- nationalism (liberalism) turned to be divisive instead of unifying in Germany
- Revolutions of 1848 -> Enlightenment influence and liberal ideals
-> new generation of conservative through education, military service, and colonies
- Industrialization and advanced weaponry
- unifications as logical consequences of doctrine of ethnic self-determination
- nationalism = destructive disintegration + creative integration
<-Continuities->
- Italy reverted back to conservative method of centralized (monarchial) government
- inequality among genders and social racism
- the papacy and the Catholic Religion (Italy) and Lutheran (Germany)
- agriculture and some forms of traditional works
- competitions and rivalries among neightboring nations
- continued desire for expansionism and increasing militarised society
1) Provoked by the French and Indian War + higher tax
2) Faced less oppositions and social inequality
3) Established independence without overthrowing the colonial social order
4) Declaration of Independence emphasized popular sovereignty (Rosseau) and "all men are created equal" (Locke)
5) Constitution insisted that governments exist in order to protect the natural rights of the people
6) Independence from Great Britain
7) Constitutional Convention ---> system of representative government
Did not achieve: vote only to a minority of adult male + slavery
1) Inspired by the American Revolution and the debt
2) Goal: fairer taxes and freedom of the press; privileged class to give up tax exemption
3) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen emphasized natural rights to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" and equality before law
4) Napoleonic Code embodies equality before law, religious toleration, and advancement based on merit
5) Napoleon kept Church under state control but allowed religious freedom
6) Women lost their newly gained rights
7) Napoleon's popular authoritarian (monarchy) instead of a republic
8) Instigated by lower classes dissatisfied with the gap between the rich and the poor
9)Internal war ---> more violent and oppressive
1) Inspired by the French and the American Revolution
2) Struggle to end slavery and to achieve racial equality
3) National independence from France (but main focus on emancipation)
4) The leader Toussaint L'Overture captured by Napoleon, the colony later became the independent republic of Haiti after his death
5) Independence document stressed freedom for everyone, and the abolition of slaver, however, it was written after the revolution
6) Inspired later abolition of slavery (but this is the only successful slave rebellion in history)
i. All achieved their main goals despite some degrees of loss and chaos to the nations
ii. Some aspects of the goals were not achieved
iii. Propel equality and democracy ideals
iv. Influence Latin American and global revolutions
v. Inspired by Enlightenment philosophies (Rosseau, Voltaire, Locke)
vi. Inequality in voting rights (women or blacks)
vii. Foreign intervention ---> internationalized
viii. agriculture, poverty, religion, immigration, and social stratification still existed
- imported weaponry and manufactured goods (industrialization) from Western Europe
- industrialization and railroad (but not extensive) as new source of employment and European financial control
- increased involvement with Europe after Crimean War
-> Ottoman Imperial Bank, , in surance companies, legal firms
- currency to British pounds
- declining revenues and dependency on foreign loans -> lowered tariffs and extraterritoriality -> inflation and debts
- trade of spice and silk as a middleman
- treatises and contracts regarding trade and tariffs (with Britain; ex. Levant Company)
- Europeans owned 0% of commercial shipping operation in Ottonman waters
- older forms of transportation existed of goods: animals and sailing vessels
- women barred from trade and industrial labor
- agricultural commodity production as output (cotton)
Africa:
Latin America:
- Dutch Cape Colony ---> Permanent African residents: Afrikaners
- Britain took over
- vs Zulu
- vs Afrikaners ---> Boer War
- Native Land Act
Egypt
- attempts to westernize
- debt ---> European intervention
- share of Suez to Britain who stayed for 70 years
- Menelik II of Shoa usurped the throne
- Christian Kingdom threatened by Sudanese Muslims
- defeated the Italians with better weapons
- Independence and modernization + weaponry
- Islamic Reform Movements ---> Sokoto Caliphate
- France & Belgium
- Senegal & Congo
- BERLIN CONFERENCE (1884-85)
- German Bismark
- to regulate colonization and trade in Africa
- vacant land ---> private corporations
- East India Company
- trading post in Calcutta, Bombay
- British raj = westernization + traditions
- Sepoy Rebellion
- Delhi Viceroy & Indian Civil Service
- Pan-Indian nationalism ---> Brahmo Saraj
- European colonization : set up administrations
- slave trade -> legitimate" trade and jaja system (partial)
- industrialization ---> more employment and cheaper labor---> raw material
- urbanization: railroad + canals ---> transportation and communication
- how Europeans view African and Indian sources
- altered customs and social structure
- private companies instead of the monarchy
- European countries fought with each other (over control of Africa and trade)
- local warfare and economic discrimination (Social Darwinism)
- little respect for local culture ---> reform
- trade network
- Christian missionaries
- population growth and spread of diseases
- agriculture
- "separate sphere" - women in charge of the household and spending money to enhance the social status
- "mistress of the house" with servants
- expected to pregnant right after marriage and raise children with love and attention -> involve in education
- work until marriage -> in genteel places: offices and telephone
- dissatisfaction -> volunteer nurses or social workers -> women's suffrage movement and right to vote
- financial pressures -> low-wage work
- laundry, embroidery, or textile factories -> separation of work
- raise children -> child labor
- physically-challenging domestic works without appliances
protective legislation: gender divisions -> subordinate positions
- heavy burdens: 10-12 works per day + tend children + household duties (without technologies)
- more outspoken: suffrage movements
- education available (limited)
- separate sphere
- Victorian Era encouraged feminine virtues of beauty and kindness and idealized home
- legislation to "protect" women from abuses
- middle class: home servants
- domestic responsibilities such as raising children and household chores
- lower wage than men
- subordinate positions
- fewer educational and professional opportunities
- traditional views on the role of women and marriage
- patriarchal society
“The Age of Imperialism .” Tamaqua k-12, www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib07/PA01000119/Centricity/Domain/119/TheAgeofImperialism.pdf.
“AP World History: East Africa, the Western Indian Ocean Basin, and the World Economy, 1760 to 1880 AP Central – The College Board.” AP Central, 23 June 2017, apcentral.collegeboard.org/series/east-africa-western-indian-ocean-basin-and-world-economy-1760-1880.
Basie, Denis "Change & Continuity in INternaitonal History." http://courses.washington.edu/intro2ir/POLS203/Study_Guides/Entries/2013/9/23_Week_I_-_Change_&_Continuity_in_International_History_files/Shimko%20Ch%2001F.pdf
Bulliet. The Earth and Its Peoples A Global History. Cengage Learning. Sixth Edition.