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Change & Continuity Chart

Industrial Revolution in Europe, Russia, and Japan

Industrial Revolution in Europe, Russia, and Japan

Compare

  • increased urbanization
  • population growth
  • mass production of materials
  • implementation of machines
  • industries with mechanization

<- Europe ->

  • steam engine implementation
  • utilization of iron; using it for construction & transportation
  • textile industry
  • use natural resources like coal/wood for energy sources

Contrast

  • lead to improved economy
  • increased life expectancy
  • lead to an economic and social gap
  • increased people's participation in politics
  • influenced the capitalist economy of Russia

Russia

Japan

  • industrial revolution took place during the Meiji Era (1870)
  • emphasis on westernization
  • brought in foreigners to reform cultural and economic aspects
  • opened Japan up to the west, increased global industry and trade

Responses to Western Influences in China, Japan, India, and the Ottoman Empire

Responses to Western Influences in China, Japan, India, and the Ottoman Empire

Comparisons

Compare

  • found need for modernization
  • implementation of Western technology
  • integration of foreign education/economic practices
  • government centralization (late 1800 to early
  • increased interest in education (prioritization of sciences)

Contrast

~China~

China

  • Remained isolated and closed off to Western influence
  • resulted in power shift within China
  • rely on self-improvement without foreign assistance
  • fell behind in terms of modernization (compared to Japan)
  • lost many territorial disputes as a result
  • however, found need for modernization (1900) & implemented Western technology

<- Japan ->

Japan

  • previously maintained isolation from the West since 1600, then saw the necessity for modernization
  • Meiji Period brought Western technology/economical reform
  • Japan opened trade internationally, became a global trading power
  • utilized Western techniques to improve exports

<- India ->

India

  • Fell to heavy British colonization (late 1600-1700)
  • British tried to uphold traditional Indian culture & implement Western economic practices
  • 1857-1858 major turning point in Indian History (due to British)
  • new centralized gov.t, rapid economic growth, new national consciousness
  • new bureaucracy Indian Civil Service

~Ottoman Empire~

Ottoman Empire

  • Sultan Selim (1800)
  • responsible for European reformation
  • military units, standardized taxation, central gov.t
  • Tanzimat (Abdul Mejid)
  • became more secular, diverge from Muslim law
  • gave legal protection to non-Muslims
  • implement foreign instructors
  • removed Janissary military

Nationalism in the Austrian Empire and Russia

Nationalism in the Austrian Empire and Russia

~ Austrian Empire ~

Austrian Empire

  • ethnic groups within Austria sought independence
  • Ethnic groups felt no connection with gov.t
  • seperation/disunity lead to the empire's collapse
  • Austrian gov.t could no longer assert authority over ethnic groups

<- Russia ->

Russia

  • nationalism also resulted in further division of Russia through the multitude of ethnic groups
  • rebellion of the Poles (1830)
  • large population of Jews but anti-semitic laws--> Jews immigrate to America
  • Tsar Alexander II-> eliminate serfdom
  • small middle class, court was only wealthy Russians
  • weakened society and gov.t as a result

Changes & Continuities

Changes and Continuities

Continuities:

  • Russia remained the "protector" of Slavic people
  • animosity with Austrians
  • Austrian and Russian governments could never garner the full support of their religious & ethnic minorities

Changes:

  • ethnic groups vehemently demanded independence, and they also felt no amicability towards the gov.t
  • gov.t lost authority over ethnic groups
  • division of people contributed to the downfall spirals of these empires
  • ethnic groups used nationalism to fight for liberty

Nationalism in Italy and Germany

Nationalism in Italy and Germany

Unification of Italy 1860-1870

- Count Cavour secreatly allied with France against Austria (control of Lombardy and Venetia)

- uprisings in north and central -> join Piedmont-Sardinia (conservative way)

- revolutionary Garibaldi in south (sicily)

- Cavour sidlined Sicily -> Kingdom of Italy

- radical democratic -> conservative

(popular support for a centralized government)

Italy

Unification of Germany 1866-1871

Germany

- numerous German states & their division

1. ethnic: Austria vs Prussia

2. religious: Catholic vs Lutheran

- Prussia: modern industries

- Otto von Bismarck attacked Austria -> took no land but formed North German Confederation

- attacked France: conflict and division of two provinces -> enmity

Changes and Continuity

<-Changes->

- nationalism (liberalism) turned to be divisive instead of unifying in Germany

- Revolutions of 1848 -> Enlightenment influence and liberal ideals

-> new generation of conservative through education, military service, and colonies

- Industrialization and advanced weaponry

- unifications as logical consequences of doctrine of ethnic self-determination

- nationalism = destructive disintegration + creative integration

<-Continuities->

- Italy reverted back to conservative method of centralized (monarchial) government

- inequality among genders and social racism

- the papacy and the Catholic Religion (Italy) and Lutheran (Germany)

- agriculture and some forms of traditional works

- competitions and rivalries among neightboring nations

- continued desire for expansionism and increasing militarised society

Revolutions: American, French, Haitian

Revolutions: American, French, Haitian

Differences

American Revolution

1) Provoked by the French and Indian War + higher tax

2) Faced less oppositions and social inequality

3) Established independence without overthrowing the colonial social order

4) Declaration of Independence emphasized popular sovereignty (Rosseau) and "all men are created equal" (Locke)

5) Constitution insisted that governments exist in order to protect the natural rights of the people

6) Independence from Great Britain

7) Constitutional Convention ---> system of representative government

Did not achieve: vote only to a minority of adult male + slavery

French Revolution

1) Inspired by the American Revolution and the debt

2) Goal: fairer taxes and freedom of the press; privileged class to give up tax exemption

3) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen emphasized natural rights to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" and equality before law

4) Napoleonic Code embodies equality before law, religious toleration, and advancement based on merit

5) Napoleon kept Church under state control but allowed religious freedom

6) Women lost their newly gained rights

7) Napoleon's popular authoritarian (monarchy) instead of a republic

8) Instigated by lower classes dissatisfied with the gap between the rich and the poor

9)Internal war ---> more violent and oppressive

Haitian Revolution

1) Inspired by the French and the American Revolution

2) Struggle to end slavery and to achieve racial equality

3) National independence from France (but main focus on emancipation)

4) The leader Toussaint L'Overture captured by Napoleon, the colony later became the independent republic of Haiti after his death

5) Independence document stressed freedom for everyone, and the abolition of slaver, however, it was written after the revolution

6) Inspired later abolition of slavery (but this is the only successful slave rebellion in history)

Similarities & CCOT

i. All achieved their main goals despite some degrees of loss and chaos to the nations

ii. Some aspects of the goals were not achieved

iii. Propel equality and democracy ideals

iv. Influence Latin American and global revolutions

v. Inspired by Enlightenment philosophies (Rosseau, Voltaire, Locke)

vi. Inequality in voting rights (women or blacks)

vii. Foreign intervention ---> internationalized

viii. agriculture, poverty, religion, immigration, and social stratification still existed

Trade in Western Europe and the Ottoman Empire

Trade in Western Europe and the Ottoman Empire

Changes

Changes

- imported weaponry and manufactured goods (industrialization) from Western Europe

- industrialization and railroad (but not extensive) as new source of employment and European financial control

- increased involvement with Europe after Crimean War

-> Ottoman Imperial Bank, , in surance companies, legal firms

- currency to British pounds

- declining revenues and dependency on foreign loans -> lowered tariffs and extraterritoriality -> inflation and debts

Continuities

Continuities

- trade of spice and silk as a middleman

- treatises and contracts regarding trade and tariffs (with Britain; ex. Levant Company)

- Europeans owned 0% of commercial shipping operation in Ottonman waters

- older forms of transportation existed of goods: animals and sailing vessels

- women barred from trade and industrial labor

- agricultural commodity production as output (cotton)

Trade in Atlantic and Indian Ocean Basins

Trade in Atlantic and Indian Ocean Basins

{ Comparisons }

Comparison

  • European intervention
  • Europeans increased the flow of trade
  • increased exports from Indian Ocean/Africa into Europe
  • western influence dictated what was being traded
  • opium, end of slave trade

{ Contrast }

Contrast

Atlantic Ocean

  • although slave trade ended in many parts of the world by the mid 1800s, it still persisted in Africa
  • transatlantic slave trade continued until 1867
  • in exchange for slaves, Africans purchased goods
  • after atlantic slave trade was shut down, exports revived/created
  • dramatic increase of palm oil trade into Europe

Indian Ocean Basins

Indian Ocean

  • British East India Company
  • plantations, cotton exports
  • expanded trading in the Indian Ocean
  • increased exports to Britain (Europe as a whole)
  • became an economic superpower for cotton
  • 1830s= illegal opium trade into China

Forms of Imperialism in Africa and Latin America

Forms of Imperialism in Africa and Latin America

Compare

Compare

  • Europeans made heavy exports out of Africa & Latin America's natural resources
  • diamonds in Africa, agricultural products in Latin America
  • European implementation of technology (mines, dams, railroads)

Contrast

Contrast~

Africa:

  • the Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
  • Africa is split between Europe
  • colonies to try to reform native Africans (White Man's Burden)
  • Modernization (Suez Canal)
  • Transition from the slave trade (British abolitionists)

Latin America:

  • 1900th century= inependence, but lack of industrialization despite heavy influence from Europeans
  • lack of "official" leaders-> many dictators, weak governmental systems
  • Early 19th century= American intervention

Imperialism in Africa and India

Imperialism in Africa and India

Compare

&

Contrast

Compare & Contrast

South Africa

- Dutch Cape Colony ---> Permanent African residents: Afrikaners

- Britain took over

- vs Zulu

- vs Afrikaners ---> Boer War

- Native Land Act

South Africa

Ethiopia

Egypt

- attempts to westernize

- debt ---> European intervention

- share of Suez to Britain who stayed for 70 years

- Menelik II of Shoa usurped the throne

- Christian Kingdom threatened by Sudanese Muslims

- defeated the Italians with better weapons

Ethiopia & Egypt

- Independence and modernization + weaponry

Western and Equatorial Africa

Western & Equatorial

- Islamic Reform Movements ---> Sokoto Caliphate

- France & Belgium

- Senegal & Congo

- BERLIN CONFERENCE (1884-85)

- German Bismark

- to regulate colonization and trade in Africa

- vacant land ---> private corporations

India

- East India Company

- trading post in Calcutta, Bombay

- British raj = westernization + traditions

- Sepoy Rebellion

- Delhi Viceroy & Indian Civil Service

- Pan-Indian nationalism ---> Brahmo Saraj

Changes

&

Continuities

Changes and Continuities

Changes

- European colonization : set up administrations

- slave trade -> legitimate" trade and jaja system (partial)

- industrialization ---> more employment and cheaper labor---> raw material

- urbanization: railroad + canals ---> transportation and communication

- how Europeans view African and Indian sources

- altered customs and social structure

- private companies instead of the monarchy

Continuities

Continities

- European countries fought with each other (over control of Africa and trade)

- local warfare and economic discrimination (Social Darwinism)

- little respect for local culture ---> reform

- trade network

- Christian missionaries

- population growth and spread of diseases

- agriculture

Roles of European Women in Upper and Middle Classes vs Women in Lower Classes

Roles of European Women in Upper and Middle Classes vs Women in Lower Classes

Upper/Middle Classes

Upper/Middle Class

- "separate sphere" - women in charge of the household and spending money to enhance the social status

- "mistress of the house" with servants

- expected to pregnant right after marriage and raise children with love and attention -> involve in education

- work until marriage -> in genteel places: offices and telephone

- dissatisfaction -> volunteer nurses or social workers -> women's suffrage movement and right to vote

Lower Classes

Lower Class

- financial pressures -> low-wage work

- laundry, embroidery, or textile factories -> separation of work

- raise children -> child labor

- physically-challenging domestic works without appliances

protective legislation: gender divisions -> subordinate positions

- heavy burdens: 10-12 works per day + tend children + household duties (without technologies)

Changes and Continuities

Changes Continuities

- more outspoken: suffrage movements

- education available (limited)

- separate sphere

- Victorian Era encouraged feminine virtues of beauty and kindness and idealized home

- legislation to "protect" women from abuses

- middle class: home servants

- domestic responsibilities such as raising children and household chores

- lower wage than men

- subordinate positions

- fewer educational and professional opportunities

- traditional views on the role of women and marriage

- patriarchal society

Works Cited

Works Cited

Works Cited

“The Age of Imperialism .” Tamaqua k-12, www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib07/PA01000119/Centricity/Domain/119/TheAgeofImperialism.pdf.

“AP World History: East Africa, the Western Indian Ocean Basin, and the World Economy, 1760 to 1880 AP Central – The College Board.” AP Central, 23 June 2017, apcentral.collegeboard.org/series/east-africa-western-indian-ocean-basin-and-world-economy-1760-1880.

Basie, Denis "Change & Continuity in INternaitonal History." http://courses.washington.edu/intro2ir/POLS203/Study_Guides/Entries/2013/9/23_Week_I_-_Change_&_Continuity_in_International_History_files/Shimko%20Ch%2001F.pdf

Bulliet. The Earth and Its Peoples A Global History. Cengage Learning. Sixth Edition.

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