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Reproductive and Child Health

Updated July 24, 2017

Transcript

Reproductive & Child Health Programme

Swami Vivekanada Youth Movement

Eligible Couples

Choose the following:

Eligible Couples

Family Planning

Click on the following reasons for family planning

Family Planning

Delaying First Pregnancy

Why?

Provides time for the mother to reach a healthy childbearing age (19 years)
Provides the eligible couple with time to prepare for raising a child

Condoms

Mechanism of action:

Condoms act as a barrier to prevent sperm from uniting with eggs
Male condoms are made of latex
Female condoms are made of nitrile
Male condoms are worn on the erect penis
Female condoms are inserted into the vagina prior to sexual intercourse

Benefits

Moderately effective
Effective immediately
Only method that prrevents Sexually Tramsitted Infections including HIV and AIDS
No effect on breast milk production
No hormonal side effects
Female condoms are latex free (made of nitrile)
Those who feel that male condoms inhibit sexual pleasure may find that female condoms feel better

Disadvantages

Condoms can not be reused
Condoms should be discared after every act of sexual intercourse
Supplies must be available before intercourse beings
Those who are allergic to latex may find male condoms itchy
Female condoms take some practice to get use to inserting properly

Who Should Use /Who Should Not Use

People allergic to latex should not use male condoms (instead consider female condoms)

All men of reproductive age can use male condoms
All females of reproductive age can use female condoms

*Warning: male and female condoms should not be worn at the same time

OCPs

Oral Contraceptive

Pills

Mechanism of action:

The pill should be taken starting the 2nd day of woman's menstrual cycle
The woman should take one pill every day (around the same time daily)
If a pill is missed, she should take the missed pill as soon as possible (a backup contraceptive method should also be used

Benefits

Highly effective (especially if used daily at the same time)
Effective within the first 2 weeks of starting
Regulates menstrual cycle
Reduces menstrual flow
Decreseases the risk of uterine and ovarian cancer
Reduces acne
Does not interfere with sexual intercourse
Immediate return of fertility once stopped

Disadvantages

Must be taken daily, ideally at the same time
Requires a regular and dependable supply of pills
Pills may cause some side effects including:
nausea
headache
bleeding between menstrual cycles
weight gain
Does not protect against sexually trasmitted infections
Increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in women over 35 who consistently smoke

Who Should Use/ Who Should Not Use

Adolescents
Women having anemia due to heavy menstrual bleeding
Women with an irregular menstrual cycle
Women with a family history of uterine or ovarian cancer
Women with HIV/AIDS
Women who are on antiretroviral drugs

Breastfeeding women who are less than 6 months postpartum
Non-breastfeeding women who are less than 3 weeks postpartum
Women with hypertension
Women with diabetes
Women who smoke more than 15 cigarettes a day
Women with:
Deep vein chrombosis
Heart disease
Bleeding disorders
Liver disease/ tumors
Recurrent migraines
Unexplained vaginal bleeding
Breast cancer
Currently taking anticonvuslants for epilepsy

IUCD

Intra Uterine Contraceptive Devices

Mechanism of Action:

Made of copper
IUCDs prevent fertilization of ovum by sperm
Long lasting and reversible
Can be inserted immedaitely after childbirth up to 48 hours of delivery
Can be inserted after 6 weeks after childbirth

Benefits

Highly effective
Does not interfere with sexual intercourse
Immediately reversible and return of fertility
Does not interfere with breastfeeding
Does not interact with other medications
Initial follow-up required after 6 weeks of postpartum insertion, follow-up required at 3 and 6 months
Copper IUCDs can act as an emergency contraceptive method when inserted within 5 days of unprotected sex

Disadvantages

Possible minor side effects may include (though these decrease after initial few months after insertion):
Longer and heavier menstrual cycles
Bleeding or spotting between cycles
More craims or pain during cycle
IUCD does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (including HIV/AIDS)
Requires a trained health care professional to insert and remove
On rare occasion, the IUCD may be spontaneously expelled

Who Should Use/Who Should Not Use

Women who are pregnant
Women between 48 hours and 6 weeks postpartum
Women with substantial genital trauma from the delivery
Women who are at high risk of PID, gonorrhea or chlamydia
Women with AIDS who are not deemed clinically well
Women should not get an IUCD immediately after septic abortion
Women with pelvic tuberculosis
Women with a distorted uterine cavity
Women with unexplained vaginal bleeding
Women with genital tract cancer

Women who have just had a delivery or an abortion (if there is no evidence of infection)
Women who are breastfeeding
Women who have/had breast cancer
Women who have headaches
Women with high blood pressue
Women with diabetes
Women who have liver/gallbladder disease
Women who have epilepsy
Women with non-pelvic tuberculosis
Women who are HIV positive or who have AIDS but are clinically well

Emergency Contraceptive Pills

Mechanism of Action:

Contains progestin
Inhibits ovulation
Thickens cervical mucus to stop the transport of sperm or egg (depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle)
Take as soon as possible after unprotected sex

Benefits

Moderately effective (but for best results, it should be taken within 3 days of unprotected sex)
The sooner the pill is taken, the more it is effective at preventing pregnancy
Don't need a prescription

Disadvantages

Must be taken within 3 days of unprotected sex
Does not protect against sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDs
Side effects may include (usually do not last more than 24 hours)
Nauseua
Vomiting
Diziness
Fatigue
Breast tenderness
Does not prevent unwanted pregnancy from unprotected sex after taking the ECPs

Who Should Use/Who Should Not Use

All women who have had unprotected sex

Anyone with a known pregnancy since emergency contraceptive pills will not interrupt a pregnancy

Birth Spacing

Between two children

[Attempt next pregnancy at least 24 months after live birth]

[Attempt next pregnancy at least 6 months after an abortion]

Birth Spacing

Why?

Leads to better health and nutritional outcomes for the children
Reduces the risk of maternal mortality and complications following delivery

Lactational Amenorrhoea Method

LAM (Needs to be followed up with other methods 6 months after delivery)

Mechanism of Action:

Breastfeeding
see lactating mothers for

more information

Lactational Amenorrhoea Method

Benefits

Breastfeeding provides protection against newborn infections
Breastfeeding provides antibodies and promotes health and increases the chances infant survival
Effective immediately
Does not interfere with intercourse
No cost and no supplies required
Helps mother's uterus return to normal size faster

Disadvantages

Does not protect against sexually transmitted infections and HIV
Women who are infected with HIV or AIDS and are taking antiretroviral drugs can use this method, however, there is a chance that the infant will get HIV through breast milk

Who Should Use/ Who Should Not Use

Any woman who does not meet the three criteria mentioned

IMPORTANT: All of the following criteria must be met

Women who are exclusively breastfeeding (including night feeds)
Women who are less than 6 months post delivery
Women whose menstrual cycles have not returned

Condoms

Mechanism of action:

Condoms act as a barrier to prevent sperm from uniting with eggs
Male condoms are made of latex
Female condoms are made of nitrile
Male condoms are worn on the erect penis
Female condoms are inserted into the vagina prior to sexual intercourse

Benefits

Moderately effective
Effective immediately
Only method that prrevents Sexually Tramsitted Infections including HIV and AIDS
No effect on breast milk production
No hormonal side effects
Female condoms are latex free (made of nitrile)
Those who feel that male condoms inhibit sexual pleasure may find that female condoms feel better

Disadvantages

Condoms can not be reused
Condoms should be discared after every act of sexual intercourse
Supplies must be available before intercourse beings
Those who are allergic to latex may find male condoms itchy
Female condoms take some practice to get use to inserting properly

Who Should Use /Who Should Not Use

People allergic to latex should not use male condoms (instead consider female condoms)

All men of reproductive age can use male condoms
All females of reproductive age can use female condoms

*Warning: male and female condoms should not be worn at the same time

OCPs

Oral Contraceptive

Pills

Mechanism of action:

The pill should be taken starting the 2nd day of woman's menstrual cycle
The woman should take one pill every day (around the same time daily)
If a pill is missed, she should take the missed pill as soon as possible (a backup contraceptive method should also be used

Benefits

Highly effective (especially if used daily at the same time)
Effective within the first 2 weeks of starting
Regulates menstrual cycle
Reduces menstrual flow
Decreseases the risk of uterine and ovarian cancer
Reduces acne
Does not interfere with sexual intercourse
Immediate return of fertility once stopped

Disadvantages

Must be taken daily, ideally at the same time
Requires a regular and dependable supply of pills
Pills may cause some side effects including:
nausea
headache
bleeding between menstrual cycles
weight gain
Does not protect against sexually trasmitted infections
Increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in women over 35 who consistently smoke

Who Should Use/ Who Should Not Use

Adolescents
Women having anemia due to heavy menstrual bleeding
Women with an irregular menstrual cycle
Women with a family history of uterine or ovarian cancer
Women with HIV/AIDS
Women who are on antiretroviral drugs

Breastfeeding women who are less than 6 months postpartum
Non-breastfeeding women who are less than 3 weeks postpartum
Women with hypertension
Women with diabetes
Women who smoke more than 15 cigarettes a day
Women with:
Deep vein chrombosis
Heart disease
Bleeding disorders
Liver disease/ tumors
Recurrent migraines
Unexplained vaginal bleeding
Breast cancer
Currently taking anticonvuslants for epilepsy

IUCD

Intra Uterine Contraceptive Devices

Mechanism of Action:

Made of copper
IUCDs prevent fertilization of ovum by sperm
Long lasting and reversible
Can be inserted immedaitely after childbirth up to 48 hours of delivery
Can be inserted after 6 weeks after childbirth

Benefits

Highly effective
Does not interfere with sexual intercourse
Immediately reversible and return of fertility
Does not interfere with breastfeeding
Does not interact with other medications
Initial follow-up required after 6 weeks of postpartum insertion, follow-up required at 3 and 6 months
Copper IUCDs can act as an emergency contraceptive method when inserted within 5 days of unprotected sex

Disadvantages

Possible minor side effects may include (though these decrease after initial few months after insertion):
Longer and heavier menstrual cycles
Bleeding or spotting between cycles
More craims or pain during cycle
IUCD does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (including HIV/AIDS)
Requires a trained health care professional to insert and remove
On rare occasion, the IUCD may be spontaneously expelled

Who Should Use/Who Should Not Use

Women who are pregnant
Women between 48 hours and 6 weeks postpartum
Women with substantial genital trauma from the delivery
Women who are at high risk of PID, gonorrhea or chlamydia
Women with AIDS who are not deemed clinically well
Women should not get an IUCD immediately after septic abortion
Women with pelvic tuberculosis
Women with a distorted uterine cavity
Women with unexplained vaginal bleeding
Women with genital tract cancer

Women who have just had a delivery or an abortion (if there is no evidence of infection)
Women who are breastfeeding
Women who have/had breast cancer
Women who have headaches
Women with high blood pressue
Women with diabetes
Women who have liver/gallbladder disease
Women who have epilepsy
Women with non-pelvic tuberculosis
Women who are HIV positive or who have AIDS but are clinically well

Limiting Number of Children

Why?

Ensures that the eligible couple complete their desired family size
Allows the eligible couple to focus on the growth and development fo their children

Female Sterilization

Mechanism of Action:

Can be performed by a skilled professional within 7 days of delivery or anytime 6 weeks or more after delivery
Blocks the fallopian tubes to prevent sperms and egg from uniting
Minilap or Laproscopic
Permanent

Benefits

Very effective
Simple surgery performed under local anesthesia
Permanent
Initial follow up required on 7th day to remove stitches, but no other appointments needed
Does not interere with sexaul intercourse
No effect on breast milk production
No known long term side effects

Disadvantages

Short term discomfort following the procedure
Surgical complications (although rare) include:
Bleeding from surgical site
Infections
Injury to internal organs
Requires a trained professional to perform the procedure
Does not protect against sexually transmitted infections including HIV

Who Should Use/Who Should Not Use

Women who are unsure of their reproductive goals
Women with any of the following should wait until the concern is resolved
Current thromboembolic disorder
Current ischemic heart disesae
Prolonged immoblization
Unexplained vaginal bleeding
Genital cancer
Active viral hepatitis
Iron-defiency anemia
Acute bronchitis or pneumonia
Sever haemorrhage, sepsis or fever following delivery
HIV (clinally unwell)

Any woman who:
is married (has ever been married)
is above 22 years of age and below 49 years of age
has at least 1 child that is older than 1 year (unless the procedure is performed for medical reasons)
Women who are breastfeeding
Women with HIV or AIDs need special arrangements

Male Sterilization

Vasectomy

Mechanism of Action:

Blocks the tubes carrying sperm and prevents sperm from entering the semen
Not easily reversable
Conventional survery or "No Scalpel Vasectomy"

Benefits

Very effective
Permanent
Not effective immediately after the procedure (use a backup method like condoms or oral contraceptive pills for the first 3 months after the procedure)
Does not interfere with sexual intercourse or sexual function
No long term side effects
Simple procedure (easier to perform than female sterilization)

Disadvantages

Delayed effectiveness (requires 3 months for prcedure to be effective)
Requires a trained professional to perform the procedure
Does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases like HIV
Scrotal support is necessary for the first few days after the procedure to prevent pain at the operating site

Who Should Use/Who Should Not Use

Any man with any of the following conditions should delay vasectomy until condition is resolved:
Current sexually transmitted infection
Scrotal skin infection
Acute genital tract infection
Acute systemic infection
Men with AIDS, not clinically well

Any man who fulfills the following requirements:
Men who want to limit their families
Men below 60 years of age
Men who have completed their family
Men with HIV, AIDS who are on antiretroviral durgs (though special arrangments are required)

Postpartum Planning

Return of fertility following delivery is different for every woman
Fertility can return as early as 4 weeks after delivery
Infertility can be extended with exclusive breastfeeding
Use various contraceptive methods to avoid unwanted pregnancy closely following delivery

Postpartum Planning

Postpartum Family Planning Choices

Infertility

Inability of a couple to conceive naturally after a year of regular unprotected intercourse

Infertility

Common Causes

Sexually transmitted infections (chlamydia, gonorrhoeae)
Tuberculosis
Unsafe abortions
Alcohol, caffeine, smoking
Exposure to potentially toxic substances
Sexual dysfunction-the persistent inability to react to seuxual stimulation
Sperm abnormalities
Female ovulation dysfuntion/tubal abnormalities

Prevention

Couples should have regular intercourse several times around the time of ovulation for highest chance of pregnancy
Men should:
Avoid drug and tobacco use, and avoid excessive alcohol consumption
Exercise moderately
Women should:
Quit smoking
Avoid alcohol and drugs
Limit caffeine intake
Exercise moderately

Safe Sex

Prevention against sexually transmitted diseases (STI) and unwanted pregnancies by preventing body fluids from passing from one person to another

Choose a contraceptive method (only male latex condoms protect against STIs).
See family planning for more information on contraceptive methods
Adhere to antiretroviral therapy (ART) to reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to partner
Even if both partners have HIV, a condom must be used to prevent re-infection

Pregnant Women

Choose one of the following:

Pregnant Women

Antenatal Check-ups

Why:

Regular antenatal checkups ensure a healthy mother and child

Services provided:

Registration (woman is given Maternal and Child Protection Card) within 12 weeks
Physical examination (weight, BP, abdominal examination)
Indentification of danger signs
Iron Folic Acid tablets
TT immunizations (2 doses)

4 Antenatal Checkups:

1st- in the 8th- 12th week of pregnancy

2nd- in the 24th-26th of pregnancy

3rd- in the 32nd week of pregnancy

4th- in the 26th-38th week of pregnancy

Supplements

Iron Folic Acid tablets:

Take one tablet of IFA everyday from 4th month of pregnancy to at least the 7th month
Anemic women should take 2 IFA tablets daily (1 tablet in the morning, 1 tablet in the evening). Doses need to be continued after delivery
IFA should not be taken with tea I
IFA should be taken on an empty stomach, if this causes nausea it can be taken after meals
Where to pick up the supplement:
Government primary health center

Birth Preparedness

Create a birth preparedness plan for a safe delivery:

1. Identify a health facility for birth.

2. Identify a health facility in case of emergency.

3. Identify a companion to accompany the pregnant woman during birth, 24 hours after birth and in case of emergency.

4. Identify a support person to care for the home and other children during birth or in case of emergency.

5. Identify mode of transportation to health facility (JSSK government scheme).

6. Estimate costs of care in case of emergency, and make arrangements to cover costs.

7. Gather supplies for birth: soft, clean cotton clothes, blankets for mother and child, clothes for baby (socks and cap).

8. Identify possible blood donors in case of emergency.

9. Bring mother and child protection card and safe motherhood booklet to birth

Counseling: Diet, Exercise, Rest

Diet:

The pregnant woman should eat one extra meal a day
Body-building food: milk, curd, buttermilk, pulses , green peas, lentils, red beans, peanuts, egg, meat, fish
Energy-giving food: rice, potatoes, bread, cereals, jaggery
Body-protecting food: leafy green vegitables, beans, tomatoes, carrots, variety of local fruits like papaya, mangoes, banas, guava
Some fats, oils, butter or margarine

Counseling: Exercise and Rest

Exercises:

Exercise daily
A walk after dinner helps digest food and avoid heartburn
Housewives should walk or garden
Women with manual labor should decrease work load (avoid hard work like lifting heavy weights)

Rest:

At least 8 hours of sleep at night
At least 1-2 hours of rest during the day
Lie on your left side

Government Schemes

Government of India's schemes to support maternal and newborn health

Government Schemes

JSSK- Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram

Benefits:

All pregnant women can deliver in public health institutions for free with no expenses for delivery (including caesarean section)
Free drugs and consumables
Free diagnostic tests
Free blood
Free diet for 3 days during normal delivery and for 7 days during caesarean section
Free transport between home to insitution and between institutions in case of referral

Who can access:

All pregnant women
All sick newborns up to 30 days of birth accessing public health facility

JSY-Janani Suraksha Yojana

Who is eligible?

A woman who delivers in a public health facility or registered private hospital
A SC/ST woman or a woman who belongs to a BPL family
Applicable only to the first 2 live births
A pregnant woman who is 19 years and above
A woman who has had 3 antenatal checkups and Iron Folic Acid Supplements and TT injection

Prasooti Araike Scheme

Benefits:

Beneficiaries will get 1000 rupees during the 2nd trimester antenatal checkup
Beneficiaries will get 1000 rupees during the 3rd trimester antenatal checkup

Who is eligible?

Women who are residents in Karnataka
Women who are below poverty line and belong to SC and ST categories

How to apply:

Register with the Junior Female Health Assistant
Require: domecile certificate, BPL card, caste certificate, aadhar card, ANC registration number (indicating 1st or 2nd pregnancy)

Madilu Kit

Benefits:

Eligible women receive a kit of 19 supplies including: bed sheets, towels, diapers, mosquito nets, jamakhana, sweater, socks, cap, soaps detergents

Who is eligible?

All delivering women belonging to BPL, ST, SC categories

Lactating Mothers

Why breastfeed?

Protects against infant infections
Promotes mother and infant bonding
Helps womb to contract and expell the placenta

Danger Signs

Danger signs for the new mother:

A lot of bleeding after delivery
Convulsions/fits
Fever with or without chills
Foul smelling vaginal discharge
Fast of difficulty in breathing
Bad abdominal pain

Danger signs for lactating mother

Infant has dark black green or brown stools after 3rd day
Infant has fewer than 3-4 yellow stools (from 4th day -4th week)
Infant seems to be nursing continuously, always hungry and never satisfied
Milk doesn't seem to come in by the 5th day
Sore and painful nipples throughout most feedings
Breasts are hard and do not soften after feeding

Danger Signs for the Newborn

Infant does not suck at the breast

Infant is unable to cry or has difficulty breathing

Infant has convulsions or abnormal movements

Infant has boils on body or umbilical redbness, or pus/blood oozing from umbilical

Infant excessively drowsy or cries continuously

Infant is cold or hot to the touch

Infant develops yellow staining of palms and soles

How to: Successful Breastfeeding

Start breastfeeding within one hour after delivery (baby should be put to mother's breast before placenta is delivered)
The first milk should be fed to the baby as it protects against infection
Exclusively breastfeed (feed the infant no other liquids or solids)
Infant should be breastfed day and night at least 8-10 times in 24 hours
The more the baby sucks, the more milk is produced
While breastfeeding, the mother should support the baby's bottom, hold the baby close to her body, with the baby's face facing the breast and nose opposite the nipple

Breast Care

Apply moist heat to get milk to flow
Massage breasts in a circular motion towards the center
Change feeding position occassionally to avoid sore nipples
Allow breastmilk to dry on the nipple (rub milk around nipples)
Tumeric helps reduce breast inflammation
Honey helps with sore nipples (rub on nipples and let it air dry, remove before feeding infant)

Sleep and Diet

A lactating mother requires extra food
Eat a varied diet of seasonal vegitables (especially leafy green vegitables), dairy products, cereals, nuts,
Avoid pungent and spicy foods
Take naps/rest throughout the day while the baby sleeps
A mother should get extra rest the first 6 weeks following delivery
Drink a lot of fluids

Children

Choose one of the following:

Children

Newborn Care

Keep the baby warm

Maintain the hygeine of the umbilical cord

Leave the cord open to the air
If contaminated with urine or faeces use cloth soaked with water to wash the cord and surrounding area. Pat dry carefully with a clean towel
Fold down napkins and diapers so that the cord is left exposed

Exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months

Immunizations

REMEMBER TO BRING VACCINATION CARD WITH YOU

Nutrition

Feed a variety of foods at every meal:

Nutrition

grains, roots, tubers, legumes, nuts

eggs

dairy products (buttermilk, curd)

fruits and vegitables

Treatment for Common Ailments

Diarrhoea and Acute Respiratory Infections are the most common causes of illness and death in children, but can be prevented by seeking care when danger signs appear

Treatment for Common Ailments

Diarrhoea

The passage of liquid or watery stools more than 3 times in a day.

Treatment:

Give more fluids (and continue breast feeding)
Oral rehydratioin solution (ORS)
Prepare by washing hands thoroughly and pouring the contents of the ORS packet in a 1 litre container. Pour 1 litre of water in the container, and mix well. Use the solution within 24 hours.
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
At home: rice water, or dal or dal water with salt, butter milk with salt, and soups with salt, plain clear water, lemon water, coconut water. Give fluids along with food to replenish minerals.
Zinc given over a period of 14 days
Infants 2-6 months use 1/2 dispersable tablet (10mg) in breastmilk for 14 days
Children 6 months-5 years, use 1 dispersable tablet (20mg) for 14 days

Danger Signs

Go to the health facility immediately if:

Child becomes lethargic
The child is not able to drink or breast feed
Blood appears in the child's stool
The child does not pass urine for 8 hours

Prevent Diarerhoea by:

Exclusively breastfeeding for the first 6 months
Washing hands before cooking food and feeding child
Keep containers that are used to prepare and feed the child clean
Keep food covered
Use a safe source of drinking water, and keep drinking water covered
Consume freshly prepared food within 1 hour
Keep house and surrounding area clean, dispose of waste

Acute Respiratory Infections

Symptoms include:

Cough
Running nose
Fever
Difficulty breathing

Treatment:

Keep the child warm
Give plenty of fluids and continue normal feeding (breastfeeding, etc.)
Increase amount of food after the child recovers
Ensure that the child gets enough rest

Danger Signs

Go to the health facility if:

The child is breathing abnormaly fast
The child has difficulty in breathing
The child is unable to drink or breastfeed
The child is lethargic

Fever

Mild fever: body temperature of 37°C-39°C

Moderate fever: body temperature of 39°C-40°C

Severe fever: body temperature above 40°C

Treatment:

If the child has a severe fever, use slightly warm water to sponge the child, and bring child to health facility for proper treatment
The child should be given enough water and fluids
The child should be given light meals like khichadi, daal-rice, curd, dalia

Adolescents

Choose one of the following:

Adolescents

Menstrual Hygiene

Why is it important?

Prevents infection
Prevents body odour
Enables a woman to remain healthy

Menstrual Absorption Methods

Un-hygienic

Hygienic

Disposal of Menstrual Products

1. Deep burial

Dig a pit 1 meter deep, 0.5 meters in width, 0.5 meters in breadth
Dig a minimum of 7 meters from water sources (hand pumps, wells, etc.)

2. Composting

Using the same hole for burial, deposit leaves, dung and other wet biomass with sanitary napkins/cloth
Add this every time napkins are disposed of
Cover with a layer of soil

3. Burning

Burn the napkins in a pit (the same one used for burial)

Disposal Methods

Development

Changes usually start around 9-12 years and continue until 16-17 years.

Development

Physical Changes

Girls:

Growth spurt
Oily skin
Underarm hair appears
Breasts develop
Waistline narrows
Hips widen
Pubic hair appears
Menstruation begins

Boys:

Growth spurt
Oily skin
Underarm and chest hair appears
Voice box enlargens, voice deepens
Facial hair appears
Muscles develop
Pubic hair appears
Genitalia enlargens

Emotional Changes

Increased production of hormones which can prompt sexual thoughts and daydreams
Frequent mood shifts

RTIs and STIs

Causes and Risks Factors:

Unprotected sexual acts
Incorrect use of condoms
Sexual contact with multiple partners

RTIs and STIs

Common Symptoms

Genital itching
Painful urination, burning or discomfort while urinating
Vaginal discharge in women (foul smelling)
Swollen lymph glands
Discharge from the penis in men
Painful intercourse
Open sores near the genitals

RTI

Reproductive Tract Infection

Note: These are more common in women

RTIs can be prevented

RTI

Causes

Poor health (poor diet, lack of sleep, stress)
Poor genital hygiene (unclean underwear, failure to change pads)
Use of some soaps which may irritate skin
Some medicines (antibiotics) that kill healthy bacteria
Sexual intercourse with an infected person

Symptoms

Women:

Foul smelling and unusual vaginal discharge
Pain in lower abdomen
Genital sores or blisters
Swollen painful lymph glands in the groin
Painful or itchy genitals
Changes in menstrual bleeding

Men:

Genital rashes and redness
Sores or ulcers on genitals
Discharge
Swollen painful lymph glands in the groin
Painful urination or difficulty in urinating
Pain during intercourse

STI

Sexually Transmitted Infection

Affects both sexes
A person can get an STI after even a single unprotected sexual act
Most STIs can be treated
Early detection is important to avoid serious complications

Prevention

Abstain from having sex is the only guaranteed method of protection
One faithful sexual partner
Treatment of STIs in both sexual partners
Use condoms
Avoid sexual intercourse if STI symptoms are present

Complications

If left untreated STIs can result in:

Infertility in men and women
Increased risk of getting HIV
Increased risk of cervical cancer
Risky pregnancy (miscarriage, still birth, birth defects)
During birth, the newborn can get eye-infetions which could result in blindness

HIV/AIDS

HIV is the virus that causes the disease by destryoing the ability of the human body to fight against any infections

AIDs is the late stage of the HIV infection when symptoms appear. It results in death.

HIV/AIDS

Common Symptoms of AIDS

Persistent cough for more than one month
Itchy skin rashes
Cold sores all over the body
Reccurent shingles
Swollen lymph glands at multiple sites for more than 3 months
Loss of greater than 10% of body weight
Fever that lasts longer than one month
Severe night sweats
Diarrhea for longer than one month

Prevention

Have faithful relationship with 1 partner who is uninfected
Use condoms everytime one engages in sexual intercourse
Avoid injections with infected needles or syringes
Sterlize the needle/syringe
Avoid blood transfusion by staying healthy
If blood transfusion is required screen for HIV beforehand

HIV Transmission

HIV virus enters the body through:

Sexual intercourse with an infected person
Blood transfusion of HIV-infected blood
Use of syringes, needles and other instruments if they are infected with HIV (used by someone with HIV)
Infected mother to her unborn child (breastfeeding)

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