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The Elements of Art & Principles of Design
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The Elements of Art & Principles of Design
Elements of Art
Elements
A work of art can be analyzed by considering a variety of aspects of it individually. These aspects are often called the elements of art.
Line
Line
A line is the path of a point moving through space. It is one dimensional and can vary in width, direction, and length.
Types of Line
vertical
horizontal
diagonal
zig zag
curved
Types of Line
Vertical Lines
Vertical
Horizontal
Diagonal Lines
Diagonal
Zig Zag Lines
Zig Zag
Curved Lines
Curved
Line Weight / Line Quality
The thickness/thinness of a line.
Line Weight / Line Quality
Contour
Contour Lines
Cross Contour Lines
Contour
Contour Line
Outline
Contour Lines
Cross Contour Line
follows the contour of an object and emphasizes form.
Cross Contour Lines
Space
Space creates depth by using background, foreground, and middle ground.
Space
Positive and Negative Space
Positive space is the object.
Negative space is the area around an object.
Positive and Negative Space
The Illusion of Space in 2D Art
The illusion of space can be created in 2 dimensional art through the following:
- Overlapping
- Placement
- Size
- Detail
- Color and Value
The Illusion of Space (2D Art)
Overlapping:
when objects that are closer block objects that are farther away
Overlapping
Placement:
objects higher in the image appear farther away
Placement
Size:
objects that are smaller appear farther away
Size
Detail:
objects that are farther have less detail
Detail
Color and Value
objects that are farther away appear to be cooler and lighter in color
Color and Value
Shape
Shapes are flat, enclosed areas that are two dimensional.
Shape
TYPES OF SHAPES
TYPES OF SHAPES
Form
Form is a term used to describe objects that are three dimensional. It is often used when describing sculptures. Two dimensional art can create the illusion of form through the use of perspective drawing and shading techniques.
Form
Types of Form
Geometric: Organic:
Types of Form
Form in 2-D Art
Proper shading is an important technique in showing form in 2-D art.
- highlights
- mid tone
- shadows
- cast shadows
Form in 2D Art
Color
Color is the hue that is produced when light reflects off an object.
Color
Color Theory
Color Theory
Primary Colors
Secondary Colors:
Secondary colors are created when two primary colors are mixed.
Secondary Colors
Tertiary Colors:
produced when mixing primary and secondary colors. The primary color always comes first when naming these colors.
Tertiary Colors
Warm vs. Cool Colors
The Color of Emotion
Value
Value is the lightness or darkness of a color.
Value
Value Scales
Value scales show the specturm of lightness and darkness of a color.
Value Scale
Tint vs. Shade
Tint refers to the light values.
Shade refers to the dark values.
Tint vs. Shade
Highlights vs. Shadows
Highlight refers to where the light hits.
Shadow refers to where the light does not hit.
Highlights vs. Shadows
Ways to Shade
- Parallel lines (hatching)
- Crossed lines (cross hatching)
- Small dots (pointillism)
- Scribbling
- Blending
Ways to Shade
Hatching
Hatching
Cross Hatching
Pointillism
Scribbling
Scribbling
Blending
Blending
Texture
Texture is the way a surface feels (3D), or how it appears to feel (2D).
Texture
Rough
Implied through jagged and uneven lines, pointy shapes and forms, and uneven shading.
Rough
Smooth
Implied through curved lines, rounded shapes, and even shading.
Smooth
Matte
Not shiny, but has a quality that reflects a dull, soft light
Matte
Semi-Gloss
Lightly shiny and reflective surface .
Semi-Gloss
Gloss
Very shiny and highly reflective surface.
Gloss
Principles of Design
The "big picture" of an artwork. These are words that can be used to describe the artwork as a whole.
Principles
Balance
The visual distribution of weight through color, texture, and space. Balance helps make an image feel stable!
Balance
Radial Balance
happens when objects radiate from a central point and all objects are balanced equally
Radial Balance
Symmetrical (Formal)
Symmetrical balance can be thought of as 50/50 balance or like a mirror image. In other words, the image would look the same on either side of the center.
Symmetrical (Formal)
Asymmetrical
Asymmetrical balance in art is when each half is different but has equal visual weight
Asymmetrical (Informal)
Emphasis
Emphasis is defined as an area or object within the artwork that draws attention and becomes a focal point.
Emphasis
Movement
A principle of design used to create the look and feeling of action and to guide the viewer’s eye throughout the work of art.
Movement
Proportion
A principle of design that refers to the relationship of certain elements to the whole and to each other.
Proportion
Standard Proportion
Realistic
Standard Proportion
Altered Proportion
Unrealistic
Altered Proportion
Unity
Unity is a principle in art that refers to a set of compositional strategies used by an artist to make the parts of a painting or another work of art hang together as a whole through visual relatedness.
Unity
Repetition & Pattern
Repetition can unify an artwork by repeating lines, shapes, forms, colors, or other Elements of Art.
Patterns are elements that repeat in a PREDICTABLE way.
Repetition/Pattern
Rhythm
Used to create a sense of organized movement in an artwork.
Rhythm
Variety
Using different versions of elements in an artwork to hold interest.
What elements do you see varied in these works of art?