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On average, each mother only gives birth to less than 2 children in Canada (2019). In 1959 the average was 3.94 children, close to 4 children per mother. This is a significant drop in the fertility rate.
According to Statistics Canada, 233.8 / 100 women aged 20 to 24 years has had their first child in 1959 already, however in 2019 only 31.8 women aged 20 to 24 had their first child in 2019. This indicates that women wait longer before having their first child compared with 60 years prior.
Geography does not only include geology (study of Earth) - it also includes the study of people and cultures on the land. The issue shall be analyzed from 4 perspectives:
As the human society develop, meany new events and activities are hosted to support the younger generation. However, due to the declining birth rate, the population of the younger generation also decreases, leaving many new services out of the market with no demand. Lifestyles also have to accommodate the aging population more due to the declining birth rate.
Although there seems to be less people are harming the environment after birth rates decline, there are also now less people protecting and maintaining the environment. Both old and young people use up resources, however old people cannot replenish as many as young people can.
The economy will be impacted the most if birth rates decline, and as we all know-- if the economy is messed up, the society is messed up.
First, the structure of the labour force changes. Declining birth rate will lead to aging population, and when the old population leaves the job market many job opportunities will be left blank. The declining birth rate will also result the demand in some industries to drop, for example the daycare industry, baby products, etc. The rapid drop in demand for these products will lead to large layoffs or other economic issues.
Not only does the drop in birth rates impact the economy (which impacts the politics), it also provides less ideas and perspectives from the young generation on how the country should develop in the future, resulting in a limitation in the development of Canadian policies.
To persuade citizens to have more babies and raise the fertility rate, the government can provide benefits for parents for having children. According to Financial Post, it costs around $10,000 ~ $15,000 per year to just one child per family. This takes up around 1/6 of the average income per household in Canada ($62,900 in 2019). Other than spending money, time and energy also have to spent on children. If the government could provide more benefits to families to lessen the pressure they'll have on raising children, parents, especially mothers may be more willing to have more children. However, the quality of these resources should be maintained at a high quality to make parents feel comfortable and safe.
Maternity leaves may also be a huge issue that firms face, as parents may be taking months off from work while receiving regular wages. Although protected by law, many firms still do not want their employees to be taking maternity leaves often. This makes women at work be in the pressure of choosing between work and children. If the government provided more benefits for the firms as well, they might also encourage families to raise more children.
In order to solve the issue, we need to first know who are the stakeholders, and what might be some limits in solving the issue:
Choi, B. (2020, July 4). What Does it Cost to Raise a Child in Canada? Financial
Post. https://financialpost.com/moneywise/what-does-it-cost-to-raise-a-child-in-canada
Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Canada. (2019). The World Bank.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=CA
Government of Canada. (2020, September 29). Births, 2019. Statistics Canada.
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200929/dq200929e-eng.pdf
Government of Canada. (2021, March 23). Canadian Income Survey, 2019. Statistics
Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/daily-quotidien/210323/dq210323a-eng.pdf?st=dA8vMkY0
Kulha, S. (2021, March 8). The baby bust is here: Birth rates are falling despite our
close quarters. National Post. https://nationalpost.com/news/the-baby-bust-is-here-birth-rates-are-falling-despite-our-close-quarters