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EU - Turkey deal
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EU - Turkey Statement
Ellen Nadia Gylfadottir
Sofia Tomás Haas
Vinicius Ribeiro
EU - Turkey joined plan of action, launched on November 2015, to offer migrants an alternative to risk their lives in the hand of traffickers, and end with the irregular migration from Turkey to the EU.
EU - Turkey Statement
1) All new irregular migrants who move from Turkey to the Greek islands as of March 20 (2016) and who do not apply for asylum or whose application is considered unfounded or inadmissible, will be returned to Turkey. This will apply in full conformity with international and EU law.
2) For every Syrian being returned to Turkey from the Greek islands, another Syrian will be resettled to the EU.
3) Turkey will take any necessary mesures to prevent new sea or land routes for irregular migration opening from Turkey to the EU.
4) Once irregular crossing between Turkey and the EU are ending or have been substantially reduced, a Voluntary Humanitarian Admission Scheme will be activated.
5) The fullfilment of the visa liberalisation roadmap will be accelerated with a view to lifting the visa requirements for Turkish citizens at the latest by the end of June 2018. Turkey will take all the necessary steps to fulfil the remaining requirement.
6) The EU will, in close cooperation with Turkey, further speed up the disbursement of the initially allocated 3€ billion under the Facility for Refugees in Turkey. Once these resources are about to be used in full, the Eu will mobilise additional funding for the Facility up to and additional 3€ billion by the end of 2018.
7) The accession process will be re-energised as well as preparatory work on the opening of other chapters to continue at an accelerated pace.
8) The EU and its Member States will collaborate with Turkey improving humanitarian conditions inside of Syria, in particular in certain areas near the border with Turkey, which would allow the population and refugees to live in safer areas. This will be monitored every month.
Positive outcomes
Joint Action Plan (JAP)
1. According to the European Commission, a year after the deal was signed, irregular arrivals dropped by 97% while lives lost at sea decreased equally substantially.
2. In the first year of the deal, €2.2 billion had already been allocated from the fund and 39 projects worth €1.5 billion had been signed.
3. Since the deal was implemented, 12,489 Syrians from Turkey have been resettled in EU countries.
Has the deal been effective?
1. Failure of the refugee swapping mechanism:
- Never fully put in place
- Limited returns
- Between 2016-2018 only 1,564 Syrians sent back to Turkey
- Greece was bound to grant asylum to 400.000 persons
- Has resulted in overcrowded and undersupplied refugee centres in Greece
"These new border arrival procedures… led to difficult conditions – overcrowding of the [reception] centers… The situation on the mainland is much better, the situation on the islands is much worse… People have to stay there for months. That’s where our concerns really are," the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) communication officer in Athens explained.
2. Has the agreement decrease the number of irregular migrants?
Data evidence suggests that the flow of irregular migrants crossing the Aegean Sea did slow down.
However, reason for the numbers of irregular crossings to Greece slowed down was mostly due to the poor weather conditions of the winter months in combination with the closing of borders along the Balkan route that started before March 2016.
3. Unfulfilled promises:
Turkey repeatedly threatened to terminate the agreement because the EU has not paid the stipulated amount.
4. The paradox of the deal
The EU-Turkey deal: Europe's year of shame?
1. Policymakers are cutting legal corners, potentially violating EU law on issues such as detention and the right to appeal.
2. International organizations have criticized deal from day one, claiming that Turkey cannot be considered a ‘safe third country’
3. The deal is putting at risk the very principle of the right to seek refuge.
4. Controversial, critics have pointed out that the deal is very controversial especially because of Turkey´s military action in northern Syria.
Refugees in Turkey
Mostly Syrians (3.5m of 3.9m)
- Iraqis, Afghans, Iranians, Somalis, too
- No refugee status for non-Europeans
- 1951 Convention & 1967 Protocol
- ca. 230 000 in camps, 94% outside
Increased hostility
- Socio-economic strains
- Low-wage jobs
Aid for Refugees in Turkey:
- EU: €3 billion in 2016-2017
- Humanitarian fund: €1.4 billion
- Non-humanitarian: education, health, migration management, municipal infrastructure, socioeconomic support.
Source: Daily Sabah
Humanitarian Aid
European Commission video about Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN)
Humanitarian AID
Photo: Syrian children listen to a teacher during a lesson in a temporary classroom in Suruc refugee camp.
Photographer: Carl Court/Getty Images
• 45 humanitarian projects
• 19 humanitarian orgs
• Emergency Social Safety Net
- WFP, TRC, Turkish Gov.
- Goal: 1.3 million people (has reached 1.2)
- Cash aid for families
- Send children to school
- Temporary protection
• Most important right now:
- Learn language, find a job
- 20,000 have work permit
- 800,000 Syrians work illegally
• children included
August 18th, 2016. Hassan, 14, from Aleppo, making counterfeit shoes at one of Istanbul's many unregulated textile factories.
Photo: Pascal Vossen
See article: http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/underage-underpaid-Turkey/index.html
Conclusions
Geopolitical consequences:
- Turkey's leverage vis-à-vis EU
• Strengthened Erdogan
• Criticism => Open borders
• Involvement in Syria
• Turkey not safe
• Kurdish question
• EU visa waiver for Turks
Source: China Daily
Conclusion
Social/Humanitarian consequences:
- Continued crossings & deaths
- Legal way out remain unfulfilled
- Deportations
- Integration in Turkey not prioritized
- Temporary solution
- Increased tensions in Turkey
- Uncertain situation w/o Refugee status
Bibliography
Bibliography
• Migration Policy Website: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/news/paradox-eu-turkey-refugee-deal
• Sputnik News: https://sputniknews.com/europe/201805021064091203-greec-migrants-centers-overcrowded-unchr/
• Real Instituto El Canohttp://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/demografia+y+poblacion/ari21-2017-toygur-benvenuti-one-year-on-assessment-eu-turkey-statement-refugees
• Delors Institut: http://www.delorsinstitut.de/en/all-publications/two-years-into-the-eu-turkey-deal-taking-stock/
• NRC: https://www.nrc.no/news/2016/september/five-reasons-why-the-eu-turkey-deal-still-is-not-a-good-idea/
• Deutsche Welle: http://www.dw.com/en/the-eu-turkey-refugee-agreement-a-review/a-43028295
• European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/background-information/eu_turkey_statement_17032017_en.pdf
• Deutsche Welle: http://www.dw.com/en/the-eu-turkey-refugee-agreement-a-review/a-43028295
• European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/turkey_syrian_crisis_en.pdf
• European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/turkey_syrian_crisis_en.pdf
- European Parlament: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-towards-a-new-policy-on-migration/file-eu-turkey-statement-action-plan