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Virginia Henderson's Need Theory

Environment

3. Environment

Henderson stated that maintaining a supportive environment conducive for health is one of the elements of her 14 activities for client assistance.

Henderson’s theory supports the tasks of the private and the public health sector or agencies in keeping the people healthy. She believes that society wants and expects the nurse’s service of acting for individuals who are unable to function independently.

Health

4. Health

Good health is an individualized concept, impacted by age, culture, abilities and emotions. Nurse stress health promotion and cure disease. Health was taken to mean balance in all realms of human life. It is equated with the independence or ability to perform activities without any aid in the 14 components or basic human needs.

Nurses, on the other hand, are key persons in promoting health, prevention of illness and being able to cure. According to Henderson, good health is a challenge because it is affected by numerous factors such as age, cultural background, emotional balance, and others.

Individual

1. Individual

Henderson states that individuals have basic needs that are component of health and require assistance to achieve health and independence or a peaceful death. According to her, an individual achieves wholeness by maintaining physiological and emotional balance.

2. Nursing

Nursing:

Virginia Henderson wrote her definition of nursing before the development of theoretical nursing. She defined nursing as “the unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.” The nurse’s goal is to make the patient complete, whole, or independent. In turn, the nurse collaborates with the physician’s therapeutic plan.

Nurses temporarily assist an individual who lacks the necessary strength, will, and knowledge to satisfy one or more of the 14 basic needs. She states: “The nurse is temporarily the consciousness of the unconscious, the love life for the suicidal, the leg of the amputee, the eyes of the newly blind, a means of locomotion for the infant, knowledge, and confidence of the young mother, the mouthpiece for those too weak or withdrawn to speak”

Metaparadigms of Nursing

4 interacting concepts

Nursing, Health, Environment and the Individual are central to this theory. They interact in every step of meeting a patient's needs and should be considered as inter-related.The following are the major concepts (nursing metaparadigm) and definitions of the Need Theory of Virginia Henderson.

14 Needs

14 Needs

  • Breathe normally
  • Eliminate body wastes
  • Move and maintain desirable postures
  • Sleep and rest
  • Select suitable clothing, dress and undress
  • Maintain body temperature
  • Keep body clean, protect integument
  • Avoid environmental dangers
  • Communicate
  • Worship ones faith
  • Work in a way that makes one feel accomplished
  • Recreation
  • Learn

Basic Human Needs

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Virginia Henderson

Virginia Henderson (November 30, 1897 – March 19, 1996) was a nurse, theorist, and author known for her Need Theory and defining nursing as: “The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.”

Theory Concept

Henderson called her theory a concept and said that promoting independence in patients was central to nursing practice.

Henderson's definition of nursing was:

"The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death), that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible."

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