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Sinification of East and Southeast Asia

What is Sinification

Sinification- to assimilate, spread, absorb or have traditional Chinese culture thrust upon you. During the Tang-Song Dynasties (and even before) China’s hegemony had a great impact on its neighbors to the South and East. One of the driving forces… Buddhism

What is Sinification

China

China

China had been a dominant force in the region for over a thousand years

And through conquest, trade and emulation, its neighbors will selectively

Adopt many political, economic and cultural components of its way of life

Important Note...

It is important to note, however, that ethnocentrism, location and resistance by Japan, Korea and Viet Nam will lead to unique differences amongst the individualized Sinification process. Here is a basic overview of a process some are saying exists today:

-Japan- emulation, assimilation, no direct contact with China

-Korea- tributary states, Kingdom of Silla a vassal state to China

-Viet Nam – direct colonization, resistance and autonomy no match for subsequent Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties

Sinification Similarities and Differences

Comp Sinification 600-1450

From 600-1450 the Sinification of both Vietnam and Korea in the adoption of Buddhism and its 4 noble principles, both were subordinate to Tang Chinese influence and authority, however, Korea will establish a vassal state of Silla whilst Vietnam rarely cooperated with direct colonial control of various Chinese Dynasties (Qin, Han, Tang)

In the Post Classical world (600-1450) the adoption of Chinese culture in Japan and Korea was promulgated by the introduction of Buddhism through monastic orders, both were unable to establish Confucian bureaucracy due to the decentralized political nature of their military aristocracies, however, Japan will abandon their ties to China remaining increasingly isolated while Korea will fortify tributary status in the Kingdom of Silla

From 600-1450 Sinification of Vietnam and Japan traditional roles of women will struggle with the patriarchy of Chinese Confucianism, Buddhism will appeal to the masses with the opportunity for redemption in Nirvana , however, Vietnam was directly colonized by China while Japan’s geographic isolation would prevent direct contact with China.

Japan

Japan borrowed much from Chinese culture including Buddhism, Confucianism, and writing

• 646 CE - Japanese emperor introduced the Taika Reforms intended to remake Japanese government along Chinese lines including using a scholar-gentry.

Japan

Religious

  • Chinese influence challenged at all levels of Japanese society including nobles, Buddhists, and peasants
  • Buddhist dominance caused emperor to flee Nara and establish new capital at Heian
  • Buddhists re- established power at court

Culture

• Women lost power.

• Given in marriage to cement alliances

• Women encouragedto commit suicide if dishonored

• Zen Buddhism-stressed simplicity and discipline

• Zen Buddhism became basis for Japanese art

Political

-Reforms abandoned

-Bureaucracy staffed by nobles

-Nobles and Buddhists nibbled away at imperial power

-Landed nobles and large landowners established private “kingdoms” replete with governments

-These mini-states were ruled by the Bushi from fortresses

Political

Korea

• Adopted Chinese Confucianism, Buddhism, and writing

• Alliance with China allowed Silla to subjugate neighboring kingdoms

Korea

Silla

• Silla resistance against Tang forces caused Tang to accept Silla as vassal state

• Silla borrowed much of Tang government practices

• Korea maintained independence until 20th century.

• Yi Dynasty lastedfrom 1392-1910

Silla

Vietnam

•Vietnamese had strong cultural identity

• Took care not to let borrowing from China

dominate Vietnamese culture

• More willing to intermarry between different ethnic groups

• Women enjoyed greater freedom than Chinese

Vietnam

At First...

• Vietnam first came under Chinese domination during Han Dynasty

• Adopted bureaucracy including civil service exam

• Adopted Chinese agricultural techniques

• Adopted Chinese military organization and weaponry allowing them to conquer peoples to south and west

Then...

• Defeated the Indianized armies of the Khmer

• Gained independence after fall of the Tang

• Attempts by Ming Dynasty and Mongols to conquer Vietnam failed

Then...

The One Major Thing

• Buddhism became dominant religion – frustrating attempts of Vietnamese scholar- gentry to gain power like that in China

• South Vietnam became more populated and powerful

• Power struggle erupted between two powerful families: Trinh/north and Nguyen/south

• Struggle lasted centuries

Overview

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Illustration Tuesday

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