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The Historical Evolution Revolution of the Medieval Age (feat. Ibn Battuta)

By: Isabella Bricker, Nathaniel Gerber, Silas Kennedy

Key-

Abrahamic Religion Movement

Mongol Movement

Black Death Movement

Ibn Battuta Movement

Machu Picchu

Land Trade Routes

Gunpowder Movement

Ocean trade routes

Symptoms

The Black Death

Spread/Contagion

The Black Death

The Black Death Pandemic was the most unwanted thing moving during the 14th century. This was due to the devastation that it brought.

Death and Loss

Symptoms

- The Black Death was a violent and fast acting plague:

  • According to a letter written by Michele di Piazze in october of 1347 (starting point of the plague)
  • When first infected, a person had pain all over their body, along with low energy.
  • Shortly after, a pustule would appear.
  • More and more would appear until the bloody vomiting began.
  • Death would follow these horrible symptoms.
  • According to https://www.worldhistory.org/Black_Death/:
  • The Black death, the bubonic plague specifically (most common type of plague during the pandemic), caused svere swelling that turned sickeningly black (black sores/buboes)
  • Raging fever
  • Joint pains

Spread/Contagion

- The Black Death Pandemic spread like wildfire:

  • According to https://www.worldhistory.org/Black_Death/ :
  • The Black Death was caused by bacillus bacteria that spread due to fleas on rodents, and other parasites infected with this bacteria.
  • It originally entered Europe in 1347 when three Genoese ships carried it there from Caffa along the Black Sea.
  • Major port city of Caffa was under seige by the Mongols who catapulted corpses infected with the pandemic.
  • Mongol traders also brought the disease from China/central Asia, along the Silk Road, and into Europe.
  • According to a letter written by Michele di Piazze in october of 1347 (starting point of the plague)
  • Sailors are said to have brought the disease "in their bones."
  • It was so contagious that it was believed that whoever spoke to those who had the plague would be infected immediately.

Death and Loss

- The death toll on cities affected by the Black Death Pandemic was severe:

  • According to https://www.worldhistory.org/Black_Death/ :
  • The Italian city of Florence lost 50,000 of the 85,000 person population.
  • At the height of the plague, Paris is said to have buried 800 dead citiziens a day.
  • 30%-50% of the population of an affected area was lost due to the pandemic.
  • The percentage depended on the severity of the plague in the area.
  • 25 million-35 million people in Europe died due to the Black Death between 1347 and 1352.
  • Or, 5 million-7 million people in Europe died a year.

Conquest

The Mongols (1206-1368)

The Mongols

Physical Warfare

The Mongol army was the most destructive thing moving during the 13th and 14th centuries

Psycological Warfare

Conquest

- The Mongols conquered and destroyed many areas on their conquest expeditions.

  • According to https://www.britannica.com/summary/Mongol-Empire-Timeline :
  • When Genghis Khan was originally rising to power he defeated many rival clans and rival leaders.
  • Early in the empire, many Chinese states on the north or northwestern border were captured by the Mongols.
  • Mongols also besieged many Russian cities on the southern border.
  • By 1229 the empire stretched from the Caspian Sea-China Sea and from Siberia-Tibet
  • Dynasties, such as the Khwarezm-Shah in Central Asia, were defeated.
  • Eastern European peoples, such as the Bulgars, were annihilated.
  • The Golden Horde was expanded in around 1240 due to the burning and sacking of Russian cities such as Kyiv.
  • in 1258, the Mongols captured Baghdad.
  • The Mongols also took almost complete control over present-day Syria.

Physcial Warfare

- The Mongol army was a cruel and deadly force that had many strategies of physical warfar that helped lead them to conquest

  • According to The Mongol Conquest: AWH page 332:
  • Genghis Khan grouped his warriors into a mighty fighting force with extreme organization.
  • 10,000-man armies
  • 1,000-man brigades
  • 100-man companies
  • 10-man squads
  • Mongol horseman used the stirrup in battle.
  • This allowed those on horses to stand, turn, and shoot arrows at people behind them.
  • Mongol horseman had three extra horses, allowing them to travel for up to 10 days and nights at a time and could travel as much as 120 miles a day.
  • According to https://www.worldhistory.org/Mongol_Empire/:
  • The nerge
  • Originally used for hunting animals such as marmots and wolves. Riders drove animals into smaller areas where mounted archers could kill them easier.
  • This wa then used as a Mongol battle strategy.

Physcological Warfare

- The Mongols not only had physcial battle strategies, they also had physcological ones too.

  • According to The Mongol Conquest: AWH page 332:
  • Genghis Khan used tricks that confused his enemies.
  • For example, a small cavalry unit would attack, then, pretend to gallop away in flight. The enemy would generally chase them. Finally, the rest of the Mongol army would appear and slaughter the surprised opposing forces
  • Genghis Khan also used fear as a strong weapon against enemies.
  • He would terrify enemies to make them surrender.
  • If they didn't do this and didn't allow entry, he may kill the entire population once he conquered it.
  • Also, the terror of the Mongols spread to other cities; this caused many towns to surrender without a fight.

Strait of Malacca

Indonisian Trade Port

Indonisian

Trade Ports

Idonisian and Malaysian Trade ports were the most geographically interesting route becuse their whole economy relied on trade.

Benefits

Disadvantages

Strait of Malacca

At the time that the Indian Ocean trade was at its peak, empires from all of Asia had ways to get precious materials that were not availibe to them in the land they controled. One of those empires was China. The only way to get to China, or for China to get to other empires, was through the Strait of Malacca, between Malaysia and Indonisia. At is narrowest it is 40 miles, and at its widest it is 155 miles. It is still used today by many large companies.

https://www.britannica.com/place/Strait-of-Malacca

Benefits

That led to an ecomomy that reliead complely on trade and the taxing of ships. Trading merchants would also stay the night in the cities, giving the cities more profit. These cities would benefit from the tax and be wealthy for awhile.

Disadvantages

However when a disease was spreading these ports cities would be endagered by the number of foriegn people going in and out of the cities, and people not wanting to trade for risk of infection. These resaons show just how fragile these port-cities were and how booming they could be in a good season; making them the most interesting place that we have learned about.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1301/trade-in-medieval-europe/

What is Gunpowder?

Gunpowder

Gunpowder

Gunpowder was invented in China and was the most historically signifigant thing moving during this time period.

Advantages

Historical

Signifigance

What is Gunpowder?

Gun powder was founded by Chinese monks in 9th century, or, the late Tang Dynasty. Gunpowder is made of sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter. When exposed to fire, gunpowder burns rapidly which gives it the ability to work as a propellant in battle.

Advantages

Having Gunpowder made conquering people and battles quicker, with less casualties. Later in the Tong Dyansty Chinese engineers used Gunpowder to create siege weaponry, such as cannons, and bombs. This allowed for the Chinese to destroy cities from farther distances, giving them the advantage of surprise. Gunpowder was the base for all of these advantages.

http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/songdynasty-module/tech-gunpowder.html#:~:text=China%20in%201000%20CE&text=Song%20military%20engineers%20found%20gunpowder,cannons%2C%20bombs%2C%20and%20mines.

Historical Significance

Gunpowder still has a huge impact on wars today, being used in most military opperations. Gunpowder is also one of the most destructive things, still causing thousands of deaths in a year. Its movement and devolpment in the middle ages have shaped our world as we know it.

China

Location

China

China was the most important single location because of its location and technological adavances.

Technological Adavances

Advancements

China had many of the most important achievments of its time, such as the compass, the mechanical clock, and paper! These are just a few of the many great invetions that China made, and here is how they impacted the world. The compass allowed for ships to orient themselves and become more safe. That is one of the reasons that the Indian Ocean Trade started! The clock, just mad scedulaing and telling time easier than before. And lastly paper is still used today to write and record events. All of these had an immsense impact on the world and are part of what make China the single most important location.

Location

China's location made it an important place because it was plentiful in resources: silk, porcelin, and more. This made China a center of trade and very important in places even as far west as Rome. Romans valued silk highly and viewed China a rich and powerful. That shows the location of China making people in other continents respect them. In addition China also had many other technological advantages that benifited many other people.

India

Location

India was a place that benefited the most from movement in the Middle Ages, since it was quite central, and powerful.

Political Alliances

India

Religious Alliances

Location

Being central in many trade routes gave India benefits in money and connections with other countries. The Monsoon winds allowed for trade to be very safe around India, making it accessable for everyone.

Political Alliances

People like Zheng He would stop in the royal courts, and forge alliance's with the rulers of that area on behalf of his emperor. This would make that empire stronger in the case of war, or other crises(plural of crisis).

Notes(4/26)

Religeous Alliances

There were also many religeos allies that were formed as Islam and Hinduism moved into India. In addition, many people would travell trough India to make the Hajj. India's centrality and all of these alliance's make India that place that was most benefited by trade.

Christianity

Abrahamic Religions

Abrahamic Religions

Islam

Abrahamic religions (or the monotheistic faiths rooted in Abraham's belief in one God), such as Christianity, Islam and Judaism, spread like wildfire during the Medieval Period.

Judaism

Christianity

Christianity

While having spread quickly before the Medieval Era, due to the conversion of Constantine, Christianity continued to conquer during the 9th century to the 15th century. However, the Christians also defended against the "conquerors", or the Muslims; they also attempted to reconquer during the Crusades. One of the dominant sectors of Christianity during the Medieval period was Catholism, which condemned the folk beliefs of fortune telling, dowsing, talismans, etc. This helped transform the world into what it is today.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1411/religion-in-the-middle-ages/

Islam

Islam spread and maintained control during the time period that is the 9th to 15th centuries. This was in part due to the rulers growing their ever expanding empires, who just happened to be Muslim (or explorers that were Muslim; e.g. Ibn Battuta and Zheng He). An important point during this time period—dominated by Christianity and Islam—was that the two worlds were very divided.

https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/medieval_islam.pdf

Judaism

Though a minor religion, Jewish merchants and scholars were still important during the Medieval Period. While Judaism in this time period was very uniform, in Europe there were two main branches: Ashkenazic (of which I am) and Sephardic. The Ashkenazim could trace their lineage to Italy and Palestine, while the Sephardic to Babylonia. Although it did not spread much during this time period, those who abstained from Christianity and Islam typically were Jewish.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism/Medieval-European-Judaism-950-1750

Travels

Ibn Battuta

Perspective

Ibn Battuta

Ibn Battuta was an Arab explorer from Tangier (in present day Morocco), who journeyed the old world – from Mecca to Delhi, Mali to Granada.

Discoveries

Travels

From 1325 to 1355, Ibn Battuta traveled the old world. First, he went across North Africa to Cairo; next, he visited various cities in the Middle East, eventually completing his first Hajj by arriving in Mecca. Over time, he went to various parts of India and even China (which he did not like). Finally, he journeyed back home and transcribed his journeys in a book.

https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta

Perspective

In Ibn Battuta's writings, he had various viewpoints on different issues encountered on his travels. However, the most important perspective that Ibn Battuta had was that on Muslim people – or lack thereof. For example, while he was in China, Ibn Battuta felt safe but uncomfortable. He said, "China... it did not please me... I was greatly troubled thinking about the way paganism dominated this country." This explains his other viewpoints; in his perfect world, all would be Muslim (or at least monotheistic).

https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/through-strait-malacca-china-1345-1346

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Battuta/Time-in-India-and-later-journeys

Discoveries

While he did not contribute much to scientific knowledge nor discover new lands, Ibn Battuta made many important discoveries for the Arab world. The most important of these were the various ways of life that he found in different lands. For example, his travels in Asia Minor still inform us on what life was like a millenia ago

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/expansion-interconnection/exploration-interconnection/a/ibn-battuta

Machu Picchu

Machu Picchu is the place that we would most like to travel to because to see the beautiful view and its fully constructed buildings. Machu Picchu was constructed in the 15 century and was used as a resort for rich Incan people. The builiding would have been massive, in order to accomadate for the large amount of servants and slaves. In addition there there were many terraces were precious crops were grown. Even though the buildings are destroyed, Machu Picchu is still beautiful today, making us wonder how beautiful it would have been when it had just been contructed.

https://www.boisestate.edu/undergraduate-research/2020/04/22/240-machu-picchu-how-did-they-build-that/#:~:text=Machu%20Picchu%20in%20modern%20day,%2C%20Hiram%20Bingham%2C%20in%201911.

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