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Anthropoidea 2
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Anthropoidea
Prosimian
Anthropoidea
Anthropoidea
Wide nasal septum
Narrow nasal septum
Old World Monkeys
Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecoidea
Cercopithecinae Characteristics
Cercopithecinae
Image Source: Wikipedia. T. R. Shankar Raman
- Cheek pouches: Sacks in cheeks to store food.
Sacculated Stomach
Colobinae
- Stomach with chambers to aid with breaking down and extracting more energy from leafy food.
Estrus
Estrus
Image: Bio.Miami.dana.edu
Swelling of female Cercopithecoidea (these are Macaque) genitals during ovulation to promote reproduction.
Ischial callosities
Ischial Callosities
Image Source: Jenny Cabotage. UNM BioBlog
Butt calluses that help ground dwelling Cercopithecoidea (these are baboons) to sleep upright on branches without falling.
Hominoidea
Hominoidea
Hominoidea
Hominidae
Comparing locomotion
Comparing locomotion
Watch the video to compare locomotion among the great apes (including us) (2 min 14 secs)
Click to explore...
Foremen magnum (the big hole at the base of the skull is forward. This allows the spine to enter the skull from the bottom.
S-curve in the lumbar spine helps to support body weight upright
Arms shorter than legs - emphasis on legs for locomotion
Pelvis is bowl-shaped to support upper body weight, rather than high and flat
Human skeletal anatomy
Knees enlarged and directly under body, rather than to the side
Non-Divergent big toe
Click on the hominid skeleton to learn more
5 key characteristics of bipedalism
Forward Foremen Magnum
Key characteristics of bipedalism
S-Shaped Spine
- Bowl shaped pelvis
- Knock knee
Non-divergent big toe
Modified quadrupedal locomotion
Pongidae
Pongidae can walk upright but are very inefficient and tire quickly. Similarly, we can also walk around on all fours or swing in the trees but it is not our preferred locomotion!
Knuckle walking
Chimpanzees and Gorillas
Fist walking
Orangutang
Hylobatidae
Click to explore...
High narrow shoulders, blades on back, narrow chest - improves range of motions for swinging arm-over-arm.
Anatomy
Arms longer than legs - emphasis on arms for motion
Short legs and no tail to avoid getting tangled in branches when swinging through trees
Long fingers and toes for grasping branches
Click on Siamang to learn about its features
Arm-over-arm swinging
Locomotion
Watch video (18 sec)
Y-5 vs Bilophodont Molars
Y-5 Molars
Image source: Biologyforums.com
- Bilophodont Molars (Cercopithecoidea): specialized tooth for slicing fibrous plant material.
- Y-5 Molars (Hominoidea): Older, unspecialized tooth that can handle a variety of food types.
Image Source: Ramdas Iyer
Greater & Lesser Apes
All apes: no tail!
- Lesser apes: smaller bodied. Gibbons and Siamangs.
- Greater apes: larger bodied. Orangutang, gorilla, chimps, Bonobos
Brachiator thorax:
wide, shallow, shoulder forward
Quadrupedal thorax:
narrow, deep, shoulder forward
Brachiator Anatomy
Intermembral Index:
Arm length/Leg length x 100
The higher the number, the longer the arms compared to legs (brachiator). When number is close to 100, this is a quadruped.
New World Monkeys
Platyrrhini
Ceboidea characteristics
Cebidae
- Prehensile Tail: Grasping tail to aid movement through trees.
- Quadruped anatomy: hand walking.
- Arboreal: live in the trees.
Watch video
Watch how they move thru the trees
Spider monkeys moving through the trees
Callitrichidae Characteristics
- Smallest of the primates
- Almost always give birth to twins