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1066

Stefan Chaussard

Updated April 3, 2022

Transcript

1066

Bayeux Tapestry

is an embroidered cloth nearly 70 meters (230 ft) long and 50 centimeters (20 in) tall, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England
Tapestry were woven cloth used to tell history

Bayeux Tapestry

Tapestry Project

After hearing and seeing the story of 1066 you will create your own medieval tapestry to tell your favorite section of this history.
You can create your own design or use computer generator to make it look like the Bayeux.

Your Assignment

England Before 1066

England had been Anglo-Saxon for the last 500 year
Around the year 800 AD vikings began to raid and eventually some immigrant to England
In 1013 the Danes invaded England and by the Viking King Canute the great
It was a very wealth kingdom
The Kingdom is divided in Earldoms
The most powerful Earl was Godwin Earl of Wessex
"God Father of England"

England Before 1066

Edward the Confessor

Crowned in 1042
Grew-up not in England but it Normandy
In 1013 the Danes invaded England and Edward and his family escaped to Normandy. His mother, Emma, was a Norman and daughter of the Duke of Normandy later marries King Canute
Edward spent almost twenty-five years in Normandy and when he became King many of his closest advisers were Normans.
Not your typical medieval King.....He is a deeply religious man
Although Edward was the King of England, much of the power rested in the hands of three Saxon Earls
His brother Alfred was murdered by Earl Godwin
He marries Edith but because of his beliefs doesn't consummate the marriage .......NO HEIR
Builds Westminster Abbey

Edward the Confessor

Who will be King?

With No Heir who will be crowned King of England upon the death of King Edward

Who will be King

Harold Godwinson

Has been the most powerful Earl in England
He was ruled basically ruled England for Edward
But is not blood to King Edward
He is Anglo-Saxon

Harold Godwinson Earl of Wessex

Tostig Godwinson

Harold's younger Braver, and better looking brother
The Saxons of Northumbria rebelled against Earl Tostig, Harold Godwineson’s brother.
Although Harold mediated Tostig was eventually exiled.
As an exile he was technically Harold’s enemy.
Totsig with raid the Isle of white in the south of England in May
He will also meet with the Harald the Viking and William of Normandy

Tostig Godwinson

William Duke of Normandy

The illegitimate son of Robert the Magnificent
Great Grandson of Rollo..
Had a rough childhood
He is a warrior
He Norman French
Edward is said to have promised Duke William of Normandy the throne 15 years early...he went to England
They was a cousin of Edward

Harald Hardrada King of Norway

Harald King of Norway

He is a TRUE Viking King
Has fought all over Europe
Writes poems about killing and battle
Wants to recreate the Empire of Cnut the Great
Has tried for years to conquer Denmark but has failure
Has a lose claim to the English Throne
Had been in England before

Harold Godwinson Travels to in 1064 Normandy??? Why

Harold Godwinson was shipwrecked off the coast of Normandy.

TWO STORIES

Some historians believe that Duke William of Normandy held him captive until he had sworn on Holy Relics to enforce William’s claim to the throne of England.
Others believe that Harold offered his support willingly.

Harold's Journey to Normandy

King Edward the Confessor Dies

Harold and all the other nobles were present
Edward the Confessor died at the Palace of Westminster.
He was buried in the new Westminster Abbey January 4th 1066.
King Edward reach is hand out to Harold..but is it a blessing or curse

Edward's Death

The King's Nightmare

Harold is Crowned

Harold Godwinson is quickly elected King by the nobles the same day Edward the Confessor is buried...feet from his rest place
With days William of Normandy Hears
Within a few weeks Harald of Norway hears
The new King Harold is ordained by God now...or so he thinks
He feels like William of Normandy is is only real threat

Harold is Crowned

The Fuzzy Star in the Sky

The Omen

Harold Godwinson was crowned at Winchester Abbey.
In the picture, people are pointing upwards.
Shortly before the coronation, a strange sight appeared in the sky.
We know now that this was Halley’s comet.
At the time, the appearance of a comet was seen as a sign that bad things were to come.

William of Normandy Prepares

William is told while hunting
You need to ferry an army of over 7,000 men across the Channel, with their armour, weapons, horses and supplies - how will you do it?
He organizes his Norman Knights..the most feared & respected military force at that time
There were between 1,000 and 2,000 knights in the Norman army.
it's estimated that there were over 1,000 archers
Builds an invasion fleet of 4000 dragon-headed ships
William is ready but he has to wait for the wind six weeks go by.......what problems might waiting cause

William Prepares

The Pope Gives William the Okay

Gets Help from the Pope

Norman Military

Most Elite Military force in Europe at that time
It was centered around the mounted Norman knight
Had been battle tested

Norman Military

The Norman Knight

Most Norman knights carried long spears called lances
The long kite-shaped shield, typical of Norman knights but also carried by Norman foot-soldiers, protected the whole body.
Knights, armoured warriors fighting on horseback with lance, sword and shield, were the Norman 'secret weapon' at the Battle of Hastings. Nothing like them had been seen in England before. For though the Saxons rode to battle or on journeys, they always fought on foot.
Norman knights were trained from childhood to fight on horseback. Known as 'destriers' and often stallions, their warhorses were bred to carry armoured men. These fierce horses also fought for themselves, biting opponents or lashing out with their hooves.

The Norman Knight

The Archers

Archers

Many Norman archers are shown in the Bayeux Tapestry, and it's estimated that there were over 1,000 of them in William's army. They played an important part in the battle, especially after William ordered them to shoot high, firing their arrows onto the heads of the Saxons behind their shield-wall.
Archers needed to move quickly, so they were lightly clothed and sometimes barefoot and bare-legged. Some are shown carrying their arrows in 'quivers' attached to their belts, while others take theirs from bigger quivers placed on the ground.
Though none are shown in the Tapestry, the Norman army also included crossbowmen. Crossbows, a relatively new kind of weapon in 1066, shot much more slowly than ordinary bows, but their 'bolts' could penetrate right through shields.

Maces and Clubs

Clubs and Maces

Wooden clubs, perhaps studded with iron nails, were cheap weapons that everyone could afford. But in the Bayeux Tapestry both William the Conqueror himself and his half-brother Odo of Bayeux are also shown carrying club-like 'maces', perhaps a badge of rank. Maces were used for hitting enemies over the head, and could also be thrown.

Harold's Anglo- Saxon Army

He organizes his Anglo- Saxon Army in southern England waiting for William
He does have an advantage he has to defend a island
He had 3,000 Hoursecarls
5,000 Thegns or noble knights
13,000 part-time soldiers
Require to give the King two months service a year
Harold waits and waits.....by fall his part-time soldiers need to return to their farms

Harold Organizes His Army

Housecarls

His most fearsome Anglo-Saxon warriors were King Harold's 'housecarls' - his private army of highly trained professional fighters and bodyguards. These were among the finest soldiers in Europe.
Their favourite weapon was a mighty long-handed battle-axe, also called a 'Danish axe' because it had originated with the Vikings. Swung with two hands, the battle-axe was capable of cutting off the head of a man or horse. But it was also light and well-balanced enough to be used with one hand, while the other held a shield.

Anglo-Saxon Shield Wall

Shield Wall

Some Saxons, especially the 'housecarls', also defended themselves with kite-shaped shields. But others used stronger and heavier round wooden shields. Both types could be interlocked together to form a 'shield wall'.
Round shields had spiked metal 'bosses' in the middle. So they could also be used as weapons, to injure an enemy or push him off-balance, making the shield a deadly weapon as well as a defensive instrument.

SAXON FYRDSMAN

England had no standing army in the 11th century but the King could call upon experienced men during times of war.
These men fought in the Fyrd, which following established English practice, fought on foot and relied on a strong shield wall for defense.
Form by freemen or paid men to defend their Shire's lords estate.
The King can all on them for 2 months service

SAXON FYRDSMAN

Tostig and Harald Hardrada

Tostig Godwinson leaves Engalnd looking for anyone to help him defeat his brother
He unites this the other Harald
They land in England in 300 Viking ships land in northern England in mid-September
On September 20 they win the Battle of Fulford in a dramtic heroic effort and they capture the city of York

Tostig and the Viking King

Harold Races North

Not only does he have to quicking traveling north he has to he reorganize his army
He does both in 4 days covering 187 miliesor

The Race North

The Winds still blown

William had tried once after six weeks and unable to cross
William prays and prays
His men start to even doubt him so has the relics of a saint parade around
All he can do is pray and try to keep his Army together

Meanwhile in Normandy

The Battle of Stamford Bridge

September 25th 1066
One of the bloodiest battles in English history
The English have the element of surpise and they have archers...The vikings expected to exchange POWs but instead he found his brothers army
Shields were clashing
Harald of Norway is shot by an arrow in the throat
Tostig is also killed.....maybe even by his brother who cut off his head
Vikings leave in just 24 of the orginal 300 ship return to Norway

The Battle of Stamdford Bridge

The Winds Finally Change

The Winds Change

Two days after the Viking defeat unware of what is happening the in the north of England winds chagne and althought it is late in the season William is commited to get what was promised to him and his fleet sails for Engaland
During the journey Willaim finds himself seperate from his fleet....he is adrift alone out of the sight of his fleet

William Arrives

William lands in England on September 28
Builds a fort and spreads terror
Harold races south again and has some confidence after his last victory

The King of England reacts

Harold's reaction

Harold is in deep trouble two days after he geatest defeat he hears of the long awaited invasion of William of Normandy
He lost many of his best men but again he has to replace them and build an Army
He does have time on his side...winter is coming
But William is terrorizing the English country side and Harold rushes south to defend his country and its personal!!!

The Battle of Hastings

Hastings

October 14th
The battle starts eraly at 9:00
The English have the high ground on a great hill...but no cavarly
The Norman knights are at the bottom praying
Norman archers open the battle, and then Norman infantry advances up the hill...the English have a shield wall though
Shield Wall vs. Norman War Horses
The English have the advantage and seem to be winning...after wave after wave of Norman attacks

At noon it appears that the Norman flank is retreating..but is it a really retreat
William fear dead.... but throws back his helmet show his face to his men and pointing the the papal banner the troops rally
The Normans retreat again and again causing the English Shield wall to break open
The battle opens up
The bloody battle lasts 6 hours..daggers, Norman swords, battle axes
Half the nobles of England are killed...Harold's loyal brother Guther is killed by Willaim
Norman archers who started the a battle end it....Harold is killed by an arrow to the eye....but maybe it was a death squad

The Turning Point

English Shield Wall

The Normans not really seen this
Hard to ride through it

English Shield Wall

William King of England

Being crowned is not easy the nobles are trying to buy time and refuse to give in to William
So William marches on and keeps defeating the the English
On Christmas Day 1066 in Westminster Abbey
England is now more connect to the continent of Europe away from the Viking land
England is transformed for Anglo-saxon to Norman French
William is constantly putting down rebellions

William is Crowned King

Modern English

The English we speak today is the product of a lot of intermingling with French words. Poor, letter, age, and pork are all words with Norman-French origins, to name just a few. 950 years later, English reflects the result of the Battle of Hastings in 1066.