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The Elizabethan Era: Politics and

Queen Elizabeth I

Felix,

Sanna,

Simon

and Pheline

Queen of England and Ireland from 1558–1603

Also Known As: Princess Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen

-> she never married or had children

Born: September 7, 1533 in Greenwich, England

Died: March 24, 1603 in Richmond, England

She was a disappointment for her father:

Henry VIII craved a son and heir to ensure the future of the Tudor dynasty.

Elizabeth I

“Men fight wars. Women win them.”

― Queen Elizabeth I of England

Elizabeth at the age of 13

Henry VIII was King of England and Ireland from 21 April 1509 until 28 January 1547

Parents

Anne´s Death

Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.

Anne Boleyn was the second wife of King Henry VIII

Daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn

She was accused of adultery, incest and high treason -> beheaded

  • The King appointed tutors to manage his daughter’s education.

  • Elizabeth learned at least five languages

-> French, Italian, Spanish, Latin and Flemish

-> teachers like Roger Ascham and John Cheke.

  • She studied French, Spanish, music, dance, and perhaps Greek.

  • Elizabeth was one of the best educated women of her generation.

  • Ascham later reported in 1548 that, 'Her mind is no womanly weakness and her perseverance is equal to that of a man' while, 'She delights as much in music as she is skilful in it.'

Education

Roger Ascham and Princess Elizabeth.

Engraving by Michael Burghers, 17th-c.

Half-Brother

EDWARD VI

EDWARD VI, BORN 1537, REIGNED 1547-53

  • he was the eagerly-awaited son of Henry VIII and his third wife, Jane Seymour.

  • queen died from post-birth complications.

  • spoiled and indulged

->had his own fighting bears.

  • extremely well educated by a set of forward-thinking Cambridge scholars.

  • before he was 10, Edward was, apparently, fairly fluent in Latin, Greek and French.

  • died at the age of 16, probably of tuberculosis.

MARY I, BORN 1516, REIGNED 1553-58

  • Mary Tudor was the only surviving child of King Henry VIII’s 24-year marriage to Katherine of Aragon.

  • received a scholarly education

  • When Henry divorced Katherine she was demoted to the status of ‘lady’, no longer a princess.

  • Died 17 November 1558, aged 42, possibly from ovarian cysts or uterine cancer

Half-Sister

MARY I

Her persecution and execution of protestants earned her the title ‘Bloody Mary’

Succession in the House of Tudor

How did Elizabeth I become Queen?

• Elizabeth born into the line of succession

• 1536: execution of Henry’s second wife Anne Boleyn -> Elizabeth declared illegitimate, removed from line of succession

• 1537: birth of son Edward from Henry’s third wife Jane Seymour

• 1543: Third Succession Act by Henry VIII

-> Mary and Elizabeth return to line of succession behind Edward

• 1547: death of Henry VIII, Edward VI follows to the throne

• 1553: death of Edward VI -> excludes Mary and Elizabeth from succession and declares Lady Jane Grey instead

• Lady Jane Grey replaced by Mary I after nine days

Religious Conflict

• “Bloody Mary” fights for Catholicism and persecutes Protestants

• Elizabeth in focus of Protestant opposition

• planned marriage with Philipp II of Spain: Mary’s popularity declines further

1554: Wyatt’s Rebellion

o Thomas Wyatt starts rebellion against Queen Mary

o Elizabeth accused of participating and arrested in Tower of London

o return to the court in 1555

Mary I rejects Elizabeth’s succession, finally agrees in 1558

• 1558: Mary I dies childless, Elizabeth succeeds to throne

• 15 January 1559: coronation of Elizabeth I who is welcomed by the people

Elizabeth I in her coronation robes, patterned with Tudor roses and trimmed with ermine.

Sir Thomas Wyat attacking the By Ward Tower. — George Cruikshank.

Tsar Ivan The Terrible

by Viktor Vasnetsov, 1897

Elizabeth´s forgein politics

  • forgein politics were mostly defensive

  • In the nine years war (1594 – 1603) Elizabeth needed to gain more control over her 2nd kingdom Ireland
  • the Irish rebels were defeated a few days after her death in 1603

  • Elizabeth maintained diplomatic relations with Tsardom of Russia, she exchanged letters with Ivan the Terrible over her reign

  • Elizabeth supported the colonization of America, but her colony on Roanoke Island disappeared after a few years

  • Elizabeth started also the famous East India Company on the 31st of December 1600
  • The EIC controlled later half of the worlds trade in the 18th and 19th century

British East India Company

Anglo-Spanish War

  • with signing the treaty of Nonsuch, Elizabeth I. started the Anglo-Spanish War

-> the Anglo-Spanish War lasted until 1604

  • on the 12th of July the Spanish armada (130 ships) set sail for London

  • on the 29th of July the English could defeat the Armada and sent the remaining ships back to Spain

  • however this was not enough to turn the war, which was in Spanish favour

  • One year later Elizabeth sent the English armada to Spain (150 ships, 24,000 men) with Sir Francis Drake as admiral

  • They suffered a horrific defeat with 11,000 – 15,000 killed

-> Spanish navy overpowered the British navy for the next decade

English ships and the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588

Elizabeth´s Reign

Her reign was notable for commercial growth, maritime expansion, and the flourishing of literature, music, and architecture

Sources

https://victorianweb.org/art/illustration/cruikshank/tol/75.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I

https://www.agecrofthall.org/single-post/why-rebellion-wyatt-s-rebellion

https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/henry-six-wives-guide-who-were-they-how-many-spouse-catherine-aragon-anne-boleyn-jane-seymour-anne-cleves-howard-parr-facts/

https://www.planet-wissen.de/geschichte/adel/das_britische_koenigshaus/pwieelisabethiunddasgoldenezeitalter100.html

https://www.lernhelfer.de/schuelerlexikon/geschichte/artikel/elisabeth-i#

https://www.kleio.org/de/geschichte/renaissance/frauen/elisabeth1/

https://www.britainexpress.com/History/Edward_Mary_and_Elizabeth.htm

https://www.biography.com/royalty/queen-elizabeth-i

http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/aschbio.htm

https://www.thoughtco.com/elizabeth-i-of-england-1221224

https://localhistories.org/a-short-biography-of-elizabeth-i/

https://www.natgeokids.com/uk/discover/history/monarchy/elizabeth-i-facts/

https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/4380234.Elizabeth_I

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_I.

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