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Algol Eclipsing Binary Star System

Introduction

The basics of binary systems, including the Algol binary eclipsing system

Sirius

Basics of Binary stars

Cygnus X-1

Binary Stars

-In universe, more common for stars to exist as binaries instead of solitary systems

-Exist visually, spectropically, when they eclipse, and as astrometric binaries

-Two types of eclipses: Primary (when the larger star blocks the smaller) and Secondary (when the smaller blocks the larger)

-Sirius and Cygnus X-1 are examples of binary orbits

What is Algol?

Algol Binary System

-Found in the constellation Perseus

-90 million light years away from earth

Algol's main characteristics

Major Characteristics

-Made of Algol A and Algol B, which fit in more than one type of orbit

-Binary system with eclipsing orbit

-Contact binaries, where the star's material and energy has contact with each other to the point it can be exchanged between the stars.

Motion of gas within the star

-Seeks to analyze and understand how Algol's contact affects its orbit when compared to non-contact binary systems

Comparitive motion of gas in binary systems

Theoretical Backround

Theoretical background

Understanding Algol's intricacies

Light curves

Basics on understanding for Algol and other binary stars

-Makes it easier to see how the contact in Algol affects it orbit

-Is a graph of the brightness of a celestial object over time

Light curves

Algol Light Curve

Example of an Algol light curve

Basic Binary System Light Curve

Example of a regular binary star system light curve

The Algol Paradox

-Components in the system form simultaneously

-As the smaller star gains mass, the bigger on starts orbiting faster around the smaller one

-Origniality, unlike other binary star systems

-The older star should be expanding faster, but what we see is that the smaller star is expanding faster

-The smaller star is expanding faster because it is taking energy from the older star. The older star isn't actually older it just looks that way because it took the other star's energy

Mass Transfer

The basic phenomenon

Mass Transferring

Importance of mass transfering / sharing

Importance

-No binary star system shares mass between its stars, except Algol

-Not common in universe, but not rare enough for Algol to be one of a kind

-Changes orbit pattern because of a constantly changing center of mass

-Loses energy to the universe and dies like other stars

How mass transfer works within the Algol Star System

-Roche Lobe Concept

Its demonstration in Algol

The History behind "Algol"

-Ancients' perceptions vs. Modern scientists' perceptions

History of Algol

Major Differences and similarities between the ordinary binaries and Algol binaries

Algol and other binary star systems

Differences

Major Differences

- Mass sharing

-Younger and Older stars' relationships

- Algol's secondary eclipse, unlike binary stars' single eclipse

-Orbits

Similarities

-Basic Orbits: one overlaps the other

-As any star, as it grows past the Roche Lobe limit, its matter and energy disperse (however, in Algol binaries, another star takes it energy)

-As stars enlarge, they start "dying" like other stars

Major Similarities

Data & Conclusions

Data and Conclusions

Algol and Normal Binaries

Data for ordinary binary systems vs. Algol binary systems

Data for each type of binary orbit

-Algol is an eclipsing binary system, but its phase and magnitude differ from other binary systems and stand out

-Ex: Cygnus X-1's light curve is symmeterical. No symmetry in Algol, contact binary affecting its orbit making it asymmetrical

Special Equations for the Algol Binary Star System

Equations for the Algol System

Conclusion

-Unique binary star

-Contact Binary, paradoxical tranfer of energy and mass

-Due to the star's proximity, Algol's youngest star is expanding at a much faster rate than its oldest star

-Light curves show its dissimilarity toother binaries

-Has a primary and secondary eclipse

-Some energy in tranfer dissapates into universe, and evenually dies

References

Flanders, Tony. “Beta Lyrae.” Sky & Telescope, American Astronomical Society, 20 Apr. 2020, https://skyandtelescope.org/observing/celestial-objects-to-watch/beta-lyrae/.

Wilson, R. E. “Binary-Star Light Curve Models.” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 106, 10 May 1994, p. 931. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.1086/133464. Accessed 28 Nov. 2022.

Briggs, Andy. “What Is a Variable Star?” EarthSky, EarthSky Communications, 24 Sept. 2021, https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/what-is-a-variable-star/.

Price, Aaron. “Beta Persei (ALGOL).” Aavso, The American Association of Variable Star Observers, https://www.aavso.org/vsots_betaper.

McClure, Bruce. “Algol the Demon Star of Perseus.” EarthSky, EarthSky Communications, 27 Oct. 2022, https://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/algol-the-demon-star/.

“Algol (Beta Persei): Star System, Facts, Name, Location, Constellation: Star Facts.” Star Facts – Stars: A Guide to the Night Sky, Star Facts, 6 July 2022, https://www.star-facts.com/algol/.

Ventrudo, Brian. “Algol, the ‘Demon Star.’” Cosmic Pursuits, Mintaka Publishing, 2 Oct. 2018, https://cosmicpursuits.com/2270/algol-demon-star/.

Science Scope. 3rd ed., vol. 40, The National Science Teachers Association. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2489449240. Accessed 28 Nov. 2022.

Bruton, Dan. “Eclipsing Binary Stars.” Eclipsing Binary Stars (Article), http://www.physics.sfasu.edu/astro/ebstar/ebstar.html.

“Introduction: Why Are Eclipsing Binary Stars Important?” Aavso, The American Association of Variable Star Observers, https://www.aavso.org/introduction-why-are-eclipsing-binary-stars-important.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus_X-1#/media/File:V1357CygLightCurve.png] Cygnus X-1 eclipsing binary light curve

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol_variable] Algol eclipsing binary light curve

http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec10.html

References

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