Copy of Chapters 8, 9, & 12

Prayer

Chapter 8

Families

The Changing Family in a Changing Society

• Family Processes

• Adolescents' & Emerging Adults' Relationships with Their Parents

• Sibling Relationships

• The Changing Family in a Changing Society

• Social Policy, Adolescents, and Families

Working Parents

Divorced Families

Stepfamilies

Adoption

Gay and Lesbian Parents

Culture and Ethnicity

Parental Changes

• affect parent-adolescent relationships involve marital satisfaction, economic burdens, career reevaluation and time constraints, and health and body concerns.
• marital satisfaction increases after adolescents or emerging adults leave home.
• parents shoulder a heavy economic burden when their children are in adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Multiple Developmental Trajectories

• refers to the fact that adults follow one trajectory and children and adolescents another one

Family Processes

Reciprocal Socialization and the Family as a System

• is the process by which children and adolescents socialize parents, just as parents socialize them.
• Ecological Theory (Bronfenbrenner)
• The microsystem, or the setting in which the individual lives, such as the family, the world of peers, schools, work, and so on
• The mesosystem, which consists of links between microsystems, such as the connection between family processes and peer relations
• The exosystem, which consists of influences from another setting (such as parents’ work) that the adolescent does not experience directly
• The macrosystem, or the culture in which the adolescent lives, such as an ethnic group or a nation
• The chronosystem, or sociohistorical circumstances, such as the increased numbers of working mothers, divorced parents, stepparent families, gay and lesbian parents, and multiethnic families in the United States in recent decades

Maturation

• Adolescents change as they make the transition from childhood to adulthood, but their parents also change during their adult years.

EMERGING ADULTS’ RELATIONSHIPS WITH THEIR PARENTS

• Emerging Adults Relationships with their Parents
• emerging adults’ relationships with their parents improve when they leave home.
• Grandparents & Grandchildren
• play important roles in grandchildren’s lives when family crises such as divorce, death, illness, abandonment, or poverty occur.
• Inter-generational Relationships
• connections between generations play important roles in development through the life span
• Sibling Relationships
• Sibling Roles
• Birth Order

Ethnicity

• Immigration
• Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Special Juncture for Ethnic Minority Individuals
• Ethnicity Issues

Media/Screen Time & Technology

• Media/Screen Time
• Television
• The Media and Music
• Technology and Digitally Mediated Communication
• Social Policy and the Media

Chapter 12

Culture

Culture, Adolescence, & Emerging Adulthood

• The Relevance of Culture for the Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
• Cross-Cultural Comparisons
• Rites of Passage

Socioeconomic Status & Poverty

• What Is Socioeconomic Status?
• Socioeconomic Variations in Families, Neighborhoods, and Schools
• Poverty

AUTONOMY AND ATTACHMENT

Autonomy

• increased independence that typifies adolescence is interpreted as rebellion by some parents, but in many instances adolescents’ push for autonomy has little to do with their feelings toward their parents.
• The Complexity of Adolescent Autonomy Defining adolescent autonomy is a more complex and elusive task than it might at first seem.
• Gender, Culture, and Ethnicity Gender differences characterize autonomy granting in adolescence, with boys being given more independence than girls are allowed to have.
• Developmental Transitions in Autonomy and Going Away to College Many emerging adults experience a transition in the development of autonomy when they leave home and go away to college.

Attachment and Connectedness

• adolescents do not simply move away from parental influence into a decision-making world all on their own.
• Secure attachment involves a positive, enduring emotional bond between two people.
• Insecure attachment, infants, children, and adolescents either avoid the caregiver or show considerable resistance or ambivalence toward the caregiver.

Chapter 9

Peers, Romantic Relationships, & Lifestyles

Exploring Peer Relations and Friendship

• Peer Relations
• Friendship
• Loneliness

Adolescent Groups

• Cliques & Crowds
• Youth Organizations

Gender & Culture

• Gender
• Socioeconomic Status & Ethnicity
• Culture

Dating and Romantic Relationships

• Functions of Dating
• Types of Dating and Developmental Changes
• Emotion, Adjustment, and Romantic Relationships
• Romantic Love and Its Construction
• Culture and Gender

Emerging Adult Lifestyles

• Single Adults
• Cohabiting Adults
• Married Adults
• Divorced Adults
• Gay and Lesbian Adults