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Macroparasites
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Macroparasites
Life Cycle
Parasitic protozoa, helminths and arthropods (classified as macroparasites) reproduction usually occurs via the transmission of free-living infective larval into hosts. Parasitic protozoa either have a direct life cycle where only one host is required to reproduce or a more complex indirect life cycle in which one or more hosts are required. Parasitic protozoa have huge reproductive potential due to short generation times, which is why they cause many outbreaks in diseases. The protozoan development stage commonly occurs inside of a host cell in which the parasite can feed off of the host to survive.
Flea
Tapeworm
Tapeworm
How they spread
Impact on the host
Roundworm
Tapeworm (Taeniasis) is a macroparasitic worm that lives in the intestine of a host. Humans and animals can contract tapeworm when ingesting water or meat contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. You may also contract tapeworm when coming in contact with an infected dog's faeces (Faecal-Oral transmission).
Tapeworm when infecting humans causes minor gastrointestinal symptoms including stomach pain, nausea, loss of appetite, diarrhea and fatigue. However, in some severe cases tapeworm can cause complications such as vitamin deficiency mainly seen in fish tapeworms which absorb vitamin B12 which could lead to anaemia, digestive system blockages, allergic reactions to the larvae, coughing and chest pain when the larvae causes cysts, disruption to normal organ functions such as the liver and in extreme cases if larvae invade the central nervous system it can induce seizures, brain swelling, headaches, meningitis and confusion.
Tick
Flukes
Impact on world
Tapeworm (Taeniasis) has its global economic impact due to the number of infections it causes in people and in animals which affects stock and the medical and veterinary industry. Around 50 million people are currently infected with tapeworm and an approximate 50,000 deaths are caused annually due to cysticercosis, a fatal disease caused by tapeworm.
Cases of tapeworm (Taeniasis) infections primarily occurs in less economically developed communities including countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, India and Asia. This is often due to poor sanitation and the consumption of undercooked and contaminated meat.
Modes of Transmission
Predator-Prey Transmission
The transmission of the disease through the infected prey to the predator.
Vector-borne Transmission
The transmission of the disease through infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods including mosquitoes, ticks and fleas.
Faecal-Oral Transmission
The transmission of the disease or infected agent via the faeces of an already infected host to the mouth of another potential host.
Direct Transmission
The direct transmission of an agent via physical contact between its source and a potential host.
Grace Bedford