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Yellowstone Wolves Timeline

JG

Jennifer Goldberg

Transcript

History of

Wolves & Humans in YNP

~1000 BCE

~1000

BCE

  • Salish oral histories place ancestors in GYA

  • Tribes share reciprocal relationships with wolves

  • (First records of humans in GYA date back to more than 11,000 years ago)

Late 1700's

European fur traders enter GYA

Late

1700's

Mid 1800's

Mid

1800's

  • US treaties with Blackfeet, Crow, and Shoshone Tribes

  • Tribes cede land and are forcibly moved to reservations but retained hunting and foraging rights on traditional lands

1872

1872

  • Yellowstone becomes the world's first national park, a "public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people".

  • Native use of land and resources is prohibited

  • Secretary of the Interior permitted lease park lands for building and accommodating visitors

Late 1800's

Late 1800's

  • Ranching and agriculture become prevalent in surrounding areas

  • Settlers trap, poison, and hunt many wolves in GYA

  • 1894 Yellowstone Park Protection Law makes poaching inside the park a federal offense (park rangers are exempt and continue to kill wolves)

Early 1900's

  • Railroads expand Westward, making YNP more accessible to travelers and causing rapid expansion of resorts

  • 1916 National Park Service established

  • 1920's Wolves virtually eliminated from GYA

1930's

  • GYA ecosystem imbalances: ungulate (elk) overpopulation, unstable riverbanks, reduced grasses and trees and supported fauna

  • 1934 Paradigm shift in NPS's policy from classifying animals as "good" and "bad" and exterminating the "bad" to preserving all native flora and fauna

1930's

1970's

1970's

  • 1973 Endangered Species Act Passed

  • 1978 Gray wolves receive federal protection

1990's

  • 1995 Gray wolves from Canada reintroduced into GYA

  • Ecosystem health quickly improves via trophic cascades

  • Wolf population rebounds

After nearly 2 decades of intense social strife... 120 acrimonious public hearings, more than 160000 public comments, bomb threats, executive directives from six U.S. presidents, debates by dozens of congressional committees—costing $12 million for scientific research alone."

(Farrel 2015)

2000's

  • Various states and agencies file lawsuits and petitions to remove protections for wolves

  • 2009-2012 Federal protections are eliminated for gray wolves in Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana, and management of wolf populations is turned over to the states

2020's

  • 2020 Gray wolf fully delisted from ESA

  • 2021 Controversial laws in Montana and Idaho permit 85%-90% of wolves to be killed

  • 2021/22 500 out of 3000 GYA wolves killed

  • 2022 Gray wolves relisted under ESA

in continental US except GYA

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