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In Ancient Greece there were twelve important gods called the Olympian Gods. Zeus is the leader of these gods, the god of the sky and lightning, and his symbol is a lightning bolt. Hera is queen of the gods and the goddess of marriage and family. She is married to her brother Zeus and her symbols are the peacock, lion, pomegranate, and cow. Poseidon is the brother of Zeus and is the god of earthquakes, horses, and the ocean. His symbol is the trident. Dionysus is the youngest Olympian God and is the son of Zeus. He is the patron god of theatre and art and is the lord of wine and celebrations. His symbol is the grapevine. Apollo is the god of prophecy, music, archery, and light. His twin sister is Artemis and his symbols are the sun, bow and arrow, and the lyre. Artemis is the twin sister of Apollo and is the goddess of archery, animals, and the hunt. Her symbols are the deer, moon, and the bow.
Hermes is the messenger for the gods and is the god of thieves and commerence. His symbols are the winged sandal and the caduceus. Athena is the goddess of defense, war, and wisdom. She is the patron god of Athens and her symbols are the owl and the olive branch. Ares is also the son of Zeus and he is the god of war. His symbols are the shield and spear. Aphrodite is the goddess of beauty and love, she is married to Hephaestus, and her symbols are the dove swan, and rose. Hephaestus is the blacksmith and craftsman for the gods and he is the god of fire. His symbols are the the hammer, the anvil, the donkey, and fire. Finally, Demeter is the goddess of the seasons and agricltur. Her symbols are wheat and the pig.
The Roman Council of Twelve Gods were inspired by the Twelve Olypian Gods. Every god in the Roman Council of Twelve Gods has a greek counterpart. Jupiter was inspired by Zeus and he was the patron god or Rome, the king of gods, and the god of thunder. Juno was inspired by Hera and was the queen of gods. She was Jupiter's wife and was the protector of Rome. Neptune was inspired by Poseidon. He was Jupiter's brother and the god of sea. He was the patron of horses and his weapon was the trident. Bacchus was inspired by Dionysus. He was the god theatre and wind, the only god born to a mortal, and was the youngest of the major gods. Apollo is identical to the Greek god of Apollo. He was the god of poetry, archery, and music. His twin sister was Diana. Diana was inspired by Artemis. She was the goddess of archery, the hunt, and animals. Her symbols were the bow and arrow, the snake, and the moon.
Mercury was inspired by Hermes and was the god of trade. Minerva was inspired by Athena and was the goddess of wisdom. Mars was inspired by Ares and was the god of war and Jupiter's son. Venus was inspired by Aphrodite and was the god of love and beauty. Vulcan was inspired by Hephaestus and was the god of fire. He was the blacksmith for the gods. Last but not least, is Ceres. She was inspired by Demeter and was the goddess of agriculture and the seasons.
The people of Ancient Greek had many religious beliefs and practices. They believed that religion was important to live a safe and better life. They thought that gods would take care of them in the afterlife if they showed the gods respect. They believed that gods controlled good and bad things and they believed in every god. Every part of Greece was under the control of one god and these gods controlled things like the weather and wealth. The Greeks believed that good things happened if the gods were pleased and that bad things happened if these gods were mad. They prayed and left gifts for the gods in shrines that were built. If a person needed help from a specific god, they would have to go to the city that had a statue of that god. Priests had an important job because they needed to maintain the temples clean to keep the gods happy.
The priests could talk to gods and goddesses so people would tell the priests what they wanted to speak to the gods about. The priests were loved and trusted in Ancient Greece.
Priests had to decorate temples with art and sculptures. A person in Ancient Greece could only become a priest if there parent was one or if they were chosen by a dying priest. The most important gods were believed to have lived on Mount Olympus. People would pray to the gods for everything that they needed in their life. People made sacrifices to gods and goddesses. The most common sacrfifices were pigs, sheep, and goats. After they performed a sacrifice, there was a big feast.
Ancient Roman people were also very religious. There temples were inspired by the Greek and the Etruscans, yet they were still unique. The temples had steps and high podiums and they were built with brick or concrete then polished with marble. Just like Greek temples, every Roman god had their own temple. However, if they needed to share temples , then each god would have their own cella and icon. Roman sacrifices were just like Greek sacrifices, but they were still a little bit different. White animals were sacrificed to gods of the upper world and black animals were sacrificed to gods of the underworld. The gender of the animal also had to match the gender of the god or goddess.
Another religious belief the Romans had was that Numina controlled their lives. They thought that Numina controlled nature and things around them. The Romans were also very superstitious. An example of this is that Romans believed that picking up a discarded horseshoe brought good luck. The Roman also had many religious festivals. In July, they had a festival called Adonia. During Adonia, the Romans would plant the Garden of Adonis on top of their houses. They would take care of this garden for eight months. After that they would abandon it and grieve its death. Another festival was Agonalia. Agonalia took place between January 1-9. During this festival, people gave honey, figs, and dates to the god Janus in white jars.
Greece: Rome:
- The Greek had 12 Olympian Gods. - The Roman had the Council - They believed that gods controlled everything. of twelve gods.
- They would pray to the gods for everything. - They believed that Numina controlled everything
- Everyone believed in all the gods. - They had many religious festivals.
- They had one statue for each god. - They also had one statue per god.
- Festivals always happened outside the temples. - Their festivals took place in many places
- They kept their temples very clean. - They also kept their temples clean.