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Virtue - Then & Now

By: Jake Donovan, Benjamin Antico, Adebiyi Abass, Jujuan Lawson and Antonio Hamlin

Quarterly Project

J.L

Quarter 1

Quarter 1

Ben Antico: Ancient Philosophers

Antonio Hamlin: Modern Philosopher

Adebiyi Abass: Theologians

Jake Donovan: 7 Virtues

Jujuan Lawson: 7 Deadly Sins

The Two Ancient Philosophers that we chose were:

ARISTOTLE

&

PLATO

Ancient Philosophers

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J.L. & B.A.

Plato's View

Plato

You cannot have one virtue without possessing the others. He said that the four cardinal virtues of wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice are important.

"the person who lives his days without reflecting on his life or his surroundings will not live a flourishing life.”

This means that looking back on things that you have done, either good or bad, allows you to process and learn from mistakes. This allows you to grow as a person eventually gain a better life.

Having the virtues is necessary for a good life with happiness.

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J.L. & B.A.

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Aristotle's View

Aristotle

We should not aim for material goods and wealth, but we should aim for virtue. He said that “virtue is an award by itself,” and that living life with virtues is a path to happiness.

Courage, generosity, and temperance are important to live a life of virtue.

*Some things we do wrong are a result or ignorance, or someone forcing us to do something bad. If this is the case, we won’t be held accountable for the things that happened.

+ Aristotle defines moral virtue as a disposition to behave in the right manner.

J.L. & B.A.

The Two Modern Philosophers that we chose were:

Kwame Anthony Appiah

Daniel Dennett

Modern Philosophers

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J.L. & A.H.

Daniel Dennett

Atheist philosopher

Received his P.H.D. in philosophy at Oxford in 1965

Known for his constructive criticism of religion

Daniel Dennett is an atheist, so he doesn’t talk much about virtues or morality relating to Religion. Here are two quotes he had relating on religion, and creation:

“I’m so optimistic that I expect to live to see the evaporation of the powerful mystique of religion. I think that in about twenty-five years almost all religions will have evolved into very different phenomena, so much so that in most quarters religion will no longer command the awe it does today.”

"Is this Tree of Life a God one could worship? Pray to? Fear? Probably not. But it did make the ivy twine and the sky so blue, so perhaps the song I love tells a truth after all. The Tree of Life is neither perfect nor infinite in space or time, but it is actual, and if it is not Anselm's "Being greater than which nothing can be conceived," it is surely a being that is greater than anything any of us will ever conceive of in detail worthy of its detail. Is something sacred? Yes, say I with Nietzsche. I could not pray to it, but I can stand in affirmation of its magnificence. This world is sacred.”

J.L. J.D. & A.H.

Kwame Anthony Appiah

British-Ghanaian philosopher

Education: Bryanston School, University of Cambridge, Clare College, University of Cambridge

His focus is in political theory and moral philosophy

Kwame believes that morality stems from many sciences such as biology and neuroscience. This has lead him to his belief that moral judgements and decisions are formed by conscious of the human being. According to Kwame, location and environment play a vital role in a person ability to display moral actions.

J.L. & A.H.

The Two Theologians that we chose were:

Maimonides

Thomas Aquinas

&

Theologians

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J.L. & A.A.

Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas is a Catholic Theologian.

Although Thomas had faith, his view on morality was not particularly grounded in it.

A virtue is a habit that allows us to think more perfectly rationally. Not all virtues make you more morally good.

Aquinas’ had 4 virtues that he felt most important:

+ Prudence

+ Justice

+ Temperance

+ Courage

J.L. & A.A.

Maimonides

Maimonides

Maimonides is a Jewish Theologian

Virtue for humans is to pray and to abide by the will of God.

As such, a person of high moral standard is any person who shows faith, obedience and love for god.

Because of this his list of virtues align closely with Pope Gregory's

J.L. & A.A.

Seven Deadly Sins

J.L.

GLUTTONY

Gluttony is an over-indulgence in food and a failure of self control.

As Americans, we live in one of the most obese countries in the world. Not only because of our diet, because because of the Gluttony we have that comes with the complacency of first world life. As a society no longer practice moderation in what we eat.

We can overcome gluttony by realizing that although God intends food to be enjoyed and nourish us, it is not meant to be taken advantage of as it deprives the needy of sustenance.

J.L. & J.D.

LUST

LUST

Lust is defined as a strong sexual desire.

Lust is so prevalent today because we have the internet.

Sexual imagery is pervasive all throughout the web and so lust is a natural follower of that trend. The ease of access for those images makes it extremely easy to fall into lust.

People can avoid lust by fighting the temptation or practicing some form of chastity. God is always here to help us battle temptation, so whenever our sexual desires are overtaking us, we have guidance to lead us away from them.

J.L. & J.D.

GREED

Greed: A desire to possess more than needed.

The entirety of the American Dream and economy is built on greed. Our society is extremely materialistic and actively encourages us to hoard money and items until death as we feel it gives us worth.

Greed can be curbed by putting yourself in the position of the less fortunate. Looking upon those with less hopefully helps us to realize how little we actually need.

J.L & J.D

ENVY

Envy: the desire to have something that somebody else already possesses.

Envy affects people because in today’s society, a lot of people want to be someone they are not. They don’t have the qualities another person has and they feel like they are not as good as them.

For example, being a minimum wage employee and seeing a rich person flaunting their wealth would likely make you envious.

Knowing we are all equal in the eyes of God helps to soothe a jealous mind. When we enter heaven wreath, beauty (etc.) does not matter. Since we are all the same, we do not need to worry about what other people’s qualities and what we don’t have.

J.L & J.D

SLOTH

Sloth: Repeated lack of effort/continual laziness

Sloth is very noticeable in today’s society because religion is starting lose importance in people’s lives. We also have people who are lazy and procrastinate in school, or their job. Sloth is difficult to avoid because it is because easy to get sucked into the lull of everyday life.

We can avoid Sloth by acquiring a strong work ethic and knowing that God comes first. Even though things may be tough, God is with us and will not give up on us no matter what. He will help us and we should devote ourselves to him before anything.

J.L & J.D

ANGER

Anger: to be mad and impatient with the weaknesses of others.

It also means to be annoyed and hostile.

Anger often is shown through many violent attacks such as shootings, or assault. When some people are upset, they choose to use rage to unwind themselves. People try to hurt others to make themselves feel better. Another example is vengeance; when someone hurts us we should not hurt them back.

We can avoid anger by being peaceful and forgiving others. We should not have to be mad because we know that God will forgive us and we should forgive our sins. Jesus shows us that anger is not needed when he died on the cross instead of trying to avoid it. We have to realize that vengeance just makes situations worse and revenge is never the answer.

J.L & J.D

PRIDE

Pride: vanity in your achievements, and having lots of luxury.

Because of pride, people focus only on themselves and forget about the importance of the people around them, including God.

We can avoid pride by letting God, not our ambitions, guide us to achieve what we want to achieve.

J.L & J.D

THE SEVEN VIRTUES

Seven

Virtues

J.L.

CHASTITY

Chastity means not having any sexual relations outside marriage because, for most Christians, because it affirms a commitment to God and consecrates their relationship. This extends to fidelity to husband or wife during marriage.

Chastity above all else is about Purity. In Catholic morality, chastity is a discipline that involves seeing sex as part of a bond between you, your husband and God. If you have sex when any one of those things are missing, then it loses its sanctity and purpose.

Through chastity, our mind is cleared and we are free to focus on God and following His will in a particular way that would otherwise not be possible.

J.L.

TEMPERANCE

Temperance, most simply described, is self-restraint or discipline. To practice temperance you must take only what is needed, and do things in moderation.

Temperance, in my opinion, is the most important virtue, because along with Diligence, it gives a person the strength to follow the other virtues, even in the challenging times. Many of the 7 virtues are nothing but a restraint from a specific type of sin, which temperance gives you the discipline to accomplish.

J.L.

CHARITY

Charity, in Christian thought, the highest form of love, signifying the a shared love between God and humanity that is made apparent and exemplified through unselfishly giving to other humans.

Charity is not simply just giving to the poor, it is happily giving up yourself to others unselfishly to help another person succeed and prosper, usually without an expectation of anything in return. Which is meant to exemplify God’s giving demeanor and love.

Charity involves helping those who need it. We see charity all throughout the bible, in stories like The Good Samaritan and the Passion of Christ. Charity is a show of compassion, love and hope for others.

J.L.

DILIGENCE

Diligence is the ability to consistently work to the fullest of your ability. It is from a strong sense of diligence that the most hardened work ethics arise, as the virtue of diligence is found mostly through the realization that through hard work, most things are possible.

A diligent person is looked upon by others as responsible and reliable.

People need to know they can rely on us to complete a given task to the absolute best of our ability so they are able to trust us fully.The diligent man or woman will make every effort to follow through on everything he or she starts.

Diligence allows us to build a tight-knit bond with our community.

J.L.

PATIENCE

Patience is fortitude brought by a deep trust in God’s will. It is the ability to endure a situation in faith that it result in a positive outcome.

Patience a extremely direct way of showing your trust in God, in that you wait without complaint in the certainty that He will fulfill your needs.

Maintaining patience is especially difficult, because doubt often grows exponentially as time passes. Patience is a virtue that naturally wears itself down over time, and it takes a person of strong mental fortitude to keep it.

Patience is a show of faith which helps us exemplify self-control, humility, and generosity within our own minds.

J.L.

KINDNESS

Kindness is the ability to consistently be generous, considerate and welcoming.

To be kind to others, you can do something that would make them happy, like buying them food or even simply holding the door. Any act, large or small that would make a persons life easier and happier is a act of kindness.

Kindness one of our main callings that makes this world a better place, and without it there would be chaos.

J.L.

HUMILITY

Humility is the recognition of your inadequacies, especially in comparison to God.

Humility is not self degradation. It is the understanding that although you have many strengths, your weaknesses are still large in number. Honest self-reflection on your abilities helps to instill humility.

Humility allows us to rationally understand our limits and therefore not make decisions that would end in disaster because of our inexperience.

J.L.

Works Cited

Works

Cited

  • Holladay, Jeri. “Seven Deadly Sins: Anger or Wrath - Easter / Lent News - Easter / Lent.” Catholic Online, Catholic Online, 27 Mar. 2017, https://www.catholic.org/lent/story.php?id=32798.
  • Larson, Drew. “The Seven Deadly Sins: Envy.” InterVarsity, 6 June 2017, https://intervarsity.org/blog/seven-deadly-sins-envy.
  • Liske, Jason. “The Seven Deadly Sins: Lust.” The Catholic Gentleman, https://www.catholicgentleman.net/2013/09/the-seven-deadly-sins-lust/
  • MSGR. Pope, Charles. “The Seven Deadly Sins: Greed.” Community in Mission, 22 Feb. 2018, http://blog.adw.org/2018/02/seven-deadly-sins-greed/.
  • Sunshine, Glenn. “Gluttony: The First Deadly Sin.” Break Point, 28 Feb. 2018, http://www.breakpoint.org/2018/03/gluttony-the-first-deadly-sin/.
  • Turner, Dustin. “More than Laziness: The Deadly Sin of Sloth.” Vintage Church of New Orleans, Vintage Church of New Orleans, 7 Oct. 2015, http://www.vintagechurchnola.com/blog/2015/10/6/more-than-laziness-the-deadly-sin-of-sloth.
  • “Ligonier Ministries The Teaching Fellowship of R.C. Sproul.” Ligonier Ministries, https://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/the-trap-of-vain-glory/.

J.L. & J.D.

CONTINUED

Continued

  • Winner, Lauren. “Lauren Winner reviews Dawn Eden.” ChristianityToday, ChristianityToday, 28 June 2017, https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2007/march/40.77.html
  • “How Does One Keep a Vow of Chastity?” Crosswalk, Crosswalk, 20 Nov. 2007, https://www.crosswalk.com/faith/women/how-does-one-keep-a-vow-of-chastity-11559955.html
  • Sauls, Scott. “Sexual Chastity: God's Life-Giving Path for Unmarried Lovers.” The Gospel Coalition, The Gospel Coalition,15 Nov. 2018
  • https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/sexual-abstinence-gods-gift-for-unmarried-lovers/
  • Winner, Lauren. “Lauren Winner reviews Dawn Eden.” ChristianityToday, ChristianityToday, 28 June 2017, https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2007/march/40.77.html
  • “How Does One Keep a Vow of Chastity?” Crosswalk, Crosswalk, 20 Nov. 2007, https://www.crosswalk.com/faith/women/how-does-one-keep-a-vow-of-chastity-11559955.html
  • Sauls, Scott. “Sexual Chastity: God's Life-Giving Path for Unmarried Lovers.” The Gospel Coalition, The Gospel Coalition,15 Nov. 2018
  • https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/sexual-abstinence-gods-gift-for-unmarried-lovers/

J.L.

CONTINUED

Continued

  • Murray, Larry, et al. “Why Does God Prize Diligence?” Life, Hope & Truth, https://lifehopeandtruth.com/relationships/finances/diligence/.
  • “6 Bible Stories on the Importance of Giving: Pushpay Blog.” Pushpay, 28 Feb. 2019, https://pushpay.com/blog/6-giving-stories-in-the-bible/.
  • Kemerling, Garth. Aristotle: Ethics, http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/2s.htm.
  • “How to Live a Flourishing Life According to Plato and Aristotle.” Digital Antidote, 6 Aug. 2018, https://bzandmd.blog/2018/01/28/how-to-live-a-flourishing-life-according-to-plato-and-aristotle/.
  • https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/world/europe/greece-aristotle-tomb.html Aristotle picture.
  • https://www.britannica.com/biography/Plato Plato picture.

CONTINUED

  • Best_Schools. “The 50 Most Influential Living Philosophers.” TheBestSchools.org, Thebestschools.org, 11 July 2019, https://thebestschools.org/features/most-influential-living-philosophers/.

Continued

J.L.

TITLE

Quarter 2

Jake Donovan: 10 Commandments

Jujuan Lawson: Virtues Acc. to Judaism

Adebiyi Abass + JD: Virtue in Old Testament

Benjamin Antico: Virtue in Moses and Noah

Antonio Hamlin: Jewish Rabbis on Virtue

J.D

Understanding the Commandments

Understanding How The Ten Commandments Inspire Virtue

J.D & J.L

I am the Lord your God: You shall not have strange Gods before me

1. Strange Gods

Stemming from the understanding of God as the ultimate moral compass, holding God as our idol and following his will is a sure way to moral perfection.

This commandment is a catch-all, essentially saying to follow God's will.

J.D & J.L

You Shall Not Take the Name of the Lord in Vain

2. Lord's Name in Vain

This commandment is mostly about the over-arching theme of respect for God.

This respect and faith in God can be applied to the rest of life as a guideline for how we treat others

J.D & J.L

Remember to keep holy on the Sabbath

3. Keep Holy on the Sabbath

This means we should keep a good attitude and attend Mass every Sunday, which is the Sabbath. We should go to church wanting to hear the word of God. We should not go to church with a bad attitude and make it as an inconvenience.

J.D & J.L

Honor your mother and father

4. Honor Mother and Father

Honoring your father and mother goes beyond simple respect; it comes with a long lasting love and care for them that hopefully allows us to open our hearts to the greater world.

J.D & J.L

Thou Shalt Not Kill

5. Shall not Kill

The fact that killing is resigned to its own testament and directly addressed shows that it is a great sin to God. Beyond the 10 commandments we are given repeated examples of the grand consequences of murder, showing it as a moral rock-bottom.

J.D & J.L

You Shall not Commit Adultery

6. Adultery

To commit adultery is not only a direct showing of disrespect to both God and your spouse, it is a intentional violation of the sacred vows you made in marriage. Vows in which you promised to be faithful.

This commandment tells us commitment and determination (Temperance) holds

special importance.

J.D & J.L

You shall not steal

7. Shall not steal

Taking others possessions without their consent is wrong because they worked for the things they have. If you were to steal something special to another person it would have an even bigger effect because the item cannot be replaced.

J.D & J.L

You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.

8. Bear false witness

This means that we shall always tell the truth. Lying leads to more lies and if people were to find out you were lying, they would most likely lose their trust in you.

J.D & J.L

You shall not covet your neighbor's wife.

9. Covet Neighbor's wife

This means that if you are married, you cannot love another woman. This commandment ties with covet your neighbor's goods because you should be grateful for what you have and not jealous of others.

J.D & J.L

You shall not covet your neighbor’s goods.

10. Covet Neighbor's goods

This means that if your neighbor has something you don’t have, you should not yearn heavily for his possessions. You should respect the fact that people may have more items and luxuries than you, but you should be grateful for the things you have because there are usually always people that have less than you.

J.D & J.L

Core of Ethics

Above all else Jewish values place truth, justice and peace at the pinnacle of virtue.

It is my personal belief that by obtaining of the 2 virtues, you can easily reach the third.

Virtuousness &

Goodness According to Judaism

Ex. Truth and Justice lead to Peace

J.L

The Musar

*or Mussar

“The first step on the path of Mussar is to unlearn that linguistic misconception and to realize that our essence is the soul and that all aspects of ego and personality flow from that essence. At its core, the soul ‘is pure, but habits, tendencies, and imbalances often obscure some of that inner light.” (Alan Morinis, Climbing Jacob’s Ladder)

Musar

The Musar is a a Jewish practice for spiritual self improvement that focuses on heightening awareness of the world, self-reflection and one's responsibilities.

The goal of Musar is to help us build up, reduce, or balance the features of our mind and character.

J.L

Shalom

"Shalom is ultimately a blessing, a gift from God. It is not a human endeavor. It applies to the state of the individual, but also to relationships—among people, nations, and between God and man. Beyond this, shalom is intimately tied to justice, because it is the enjoyment or celebration of human relationships which have been made right."

—Johann Arnold, Seeking Peace: Notes and Conversations Along the Way (Plough Publishing, 2013)

Shalom

Shalom (the Hebrew word for “peace”) means the end of war and conflict and is essentially a perfect, permanent world peace agreed upon by all members of all sides.

Shalom is based on both truth and justice because of its inability to be formed without universal consent and love. It is my belief that possessing 2 of the values will tend to form the 3rd naturally.

The method to shalom is easiest found through God's repeated showings of virtue and sin in Scripture

Along with the stories it is directly told to us

(The Beatitudes and The Ten Commandments. )

- Adam & Eve

- Cain and Abel

- Noah's Ark

etc...

J.L

Passages of Virtue in Old Testament

Passages from the 4 Sections of the Bible That Talk About Virtue/Morality

J.D, A.A. & J.L

Leviticus 19: 13-18

Pentateuch

“You shall not oppress your neighbor, nor rob him The wages of a hired man are not to remain with you all night until morning. You shall not curse a deaf man, nor place a stumbling block before the blind, but you shall revere your God; I am the LORD. 'You shall do no injustice in judgment; you shall not be partial to the poor nor defer to the great, but you are to judge your neighbor fairly.”

This verse talks about how we should not steal, or do bad things like hurting people who are not as strong as you. Like in this verse, placing a brick so a blind man trips is a bad act, and the blind man does not know it is there. You should always we fair to everyone you meet and be the best possible person you can be.

J.D, A.A. & J.L

1 Chronicles 29:17 Historical Books

“I know, my God, that you test the heart and have pleasure in uprightness. In the uprightness of my heart I have freely offered all these things, and now I have seen your people, who are present here, offering freely and joyously to you.”

Historical Books

God knows us, and he is always testing our heart. We need to do the right thing no matter what. We have to live a good life full of virtue.

J.D, A.A. & J.L

Isiah 51:7

"Listen to Me, you who know righteousness, A people in whose heart is My law; Do not fear the reproach of man, Nor be dismayed at their revelings.“

Prophetic Books

If we live a life full of righteousness we will not have to worry about people accusing us of bad things because we have done nothing wrong. Living a moral life gives us extra freedom so we do not have to worry about people blaming us and yelling at us for the bad things we have done.

J.D, A.A. & J.L

Proverbs 10:9 Wisdom Books

Wisdom Books

“Whoever walks in integrity walks securely, but he who makes his ways crooked will be found out.”

This means that a person living a good life with integrity will be safe with nothing to worry about. They also won’t have anything bad following them. People who do bad things will have those acts following them and they have to worry about if people find out; then they will get in trouble.

J.D, A.A. & J.L

Virtue in the life of Moses and Noah

Virtue in the Life of Moses and Noah

J.D

10 Commandments Example 1

In the life of Moses, the 10 commandments are the best example of how we should act towards others and God’s creation.

1 Moses

In the story of Moses, God directly gives the 10 commandments to Moses on Mt Sinai. These are minimum rules that everyone should follow to life a good life. The commandments are leaned towards others more than creation because they give us examples on how to be better in terms of our relation to others and God.

B.A & J.L

10 Commandments Example 2

2 Moses

In the life of Moses, the Exodus of Egypt is another example on how we should act towards others and God’s creation. Moses freed the Israelites from slavery.

Moses knew the Egyptians were wrong and he heroically saved the Israelites by crossing the Red Sea. This teaches us that when we see an inequality in the world it is our duty to commit social justice in order to right the sin.

We each have an individual calling to better the world.

B.A & J.L

Virtuous life for Noah

Noah

The story of Noah is a reason about how we should life virtuously in God’s Nature. God told Noah to save two of every animal to save them from the flood.

This is a good example on how we should save the animals which are apart of God’s creation. We should respect the earth, animals and plants because God created everything for us so we should not destroy it.

B.A & J.L

2 articles from Jewish Rabbis on Virtue/Morality

Articles by Jewish Rabbis

A.H. & J.L

Choosing Your Legacy

by Senior Rabbi Peter J.Rubinstein

Fearless Moral Inventory

To better understand how to become a moral person,

He spoke in compelling, eloquent terms about the need to do a fearless self-appraisal of one’s own moral weakness.

you must first look in on yourself without hesitation and realize your faults.

A.H. & J.L

Why David was a Better King than Saul

by Rabbi Adin (Steinsaltz) Even-Yisrael

In his article, Rabbi Adin first relates to us that the Bible "shows partiality to no one, [and] describes David [and Saul's] failures and sins, just as it describes his greatness."

Why David was a Better King than Saul

"But individual sins are measured, and punished, on the individual plane, while public sins, or public fulfillment of commandments, receive their due reward on an historical plane for generations."

From this article we begin to understand that leadership brings with it the special importance of care for those you are leading. With that responsibility your sinful and virtuous actions will remain present throughout generations and even the rest of history.

A.H. & J.L

Works Cited

-“Bible Verses for: Standards of Morality.” Bible Verses for Standards of Morality, https://www.cgg.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Library.verses/ID/703/Standards-Morality-verses.htm.

-The Ten Commandments and Their Meanings from Luther's Small Catechism: http://trinitylutheran.info/commandments.html.

-The Twelve. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Twelve-Old-Testament

Works Cited

J.D

Wellman, Jack. “Top 13 Bible Verses About Virtue.” Christian Crier, Patheos Explore the World's Faith through Different Perspectives on Religion and Spirituality! Patheos Has the Views of the Prevalent Religions and Spiritualities of the World., 4 Sept. 2019, https://www.patheos.com/blogs/christiancrier/2019/09/03/top-13-bible-verses-about-virtue/.

“40 Bible Verses about Morality, And Redemption.” 40 Bible Verses about Morality, And Redemption, https://bible.knowing-jesus.com/topics/Morality,-And-Redemption.

Works Cited Cont.

J.D

Quarter 3

Quarter 3

What does the Sermon on the Mount, particularly the Beatitudes, reveal to us about how we

should live a virtuous / moral life?

- What passages in Christian Scriptures (The New Testament), other than the Beatitudes,

speak to how we should live and act virtuously? Cite four (4) passages, two (2) from the

gospel accounts and two (2) from the epistles, and explain their significance.

- What does the life of Jesus reveal to us about how we should act towards others and all of

God’s creation. Cite at least two (2) specific examples and explain the significance. Select

one (1) other person in Christian scripture and explain how his / her actions or choices also

reveal a lesson to us about living a virtuous life.

- Research two (2) Papal Encyclicals and explain how they elaborate on the gospel message

in terms of how we should act virtuously in the modern world.

- Summarize the keys for living a virtuous life and attaining holiness according to

Catholicism.

J.D & J.L

How Sermon on the Mount Teaches Us Virtue

For example, "Blessed

are the meek, for they

will inherit the land,"

can be taken to

mean "be like the

humble, for they

will be rewarded"

The Sermon and

Virtue

Each Beatitude

is its own individual teaching.

Different than the 10 commandments, which serve as direct warnings and tell us exactly what not to do/ what is sin, the beatitudes serves the same function as a "Virtue for Dummies" pamphlet.

It lists the most holy types of people, along with their rewards for behavior as a means of telling us in clear terms the path to holiness.

And as such, by following the lead of these holy people, we not only improve our understanding of how we should interact with our fellow human beings, but also better ourselves.

.

J.L & JD

J.L & JD

Christian Scriptures on Virtue

What passages in Christian Scriptures (The New Testament), other than the Beatitudes,

speak to how we should live and act virtuously? Cite four (4) passages, two (2) from the

gospel accounts and two (2) from the epistles, and explain their significance.

Mark 12:40-44

"Jesus sat down opposite the place where the offerings were put and watched the crowd putting their money into the temple treasury. Many rich people threw in large amounts. But a poor widow came and put in two very small copper coins, worth only a few cents.

Calling his disciples to him, Jesus said, ‘Truly I tell you, this

poor widow has put more into the treasury than all the others. They all gave out of their wealth; but she, out of her poverty, put in everything—all she had to live on’”

Scripture 1

Charity is more than simply giving to the less fortunate, it is about sacrificing the things you hold valuable in a completely unselfish act of love, which is the ultimate reflection of God’s joy and infinite love for others. Those rich people may have given more money than the lady, but their respective sacrifice was far less than the lady who gave all of the money she had.

Living a selfless life is living a holy life…

J.L & JD

J.L & JD

Matthew 18:1-4

At that time the disciples came to Jesus and asked, “Who, then, is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven?”

He called a little child to him, and placed the child among them. And he said: “Truly I tell you, unless you change and become like little children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven. Therefore, whoever takes the lowly position of this child is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven. And whoever welcomes one such child in my name welcomes me.

Scripture 2

Those who lie closest to god are the ones who reflect purity and innocence so much that they are reminiscent of a child. To behave purely, This quote also reveals to us the good in helping others that wish to promote love. By aiding those who are holy, we exponentially increase the good in the world by increasing their ability to spread their virtue to those around us

Colossians: 5 - 11

J.L & JD & A.A

Scripture 4

"Put to death, therefore, whatever belongs to your earthly nature: sexual immorality, impurity, lust, evil desires and greed, which is idolatry. Because of these, the wrath of God is coming. You used to walk in these ways, in the life you once lived. But now you must also rid yourselves of all such things as these: anger, rage, malice, slander, and filthy language from your lips. Do not lie to each other, since you have taken off your old self with its practices 10 and have put on the new self, which is being renewed in knowledge in the image of its Creator. Here there is no Gentile or Jew, circumcised or uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian, slave or free, but Christ is all, and is in all."

If we are to follow the path of God truly and wholly, we must cast aside our sinful ways and become beings whose sole purpose is the production and advancement of love

Titus 4: 1-7

J.L & JD & A.A

Men are to be sober-minded, dignified, self-controlled, sound in faith, in love, and in steadfastness... Show yourself in all respects to be a model of good works, and in your teaching show integrity, dignity, and sound speech that cannot be condemned, so that an opponent may be put to shame, having nothing evil to say about us.”

Scripture 3

All things you say and do reflect who you are as a person and as such everything you do should be as close to God's will as possible. If you behave without sin or without fault there will be no one to question your devotion to the Lord or you integrity.

How Sermon on the Mount Teaches Us Virtue

Life of Jesus

&

Social Life

What does the life of Jesus reveal to us about how we should act towards others and all of

God’s creation. Cite at least two (2) specific examples and explain the significance. Select

one (1) other person in Christian scripture and explain how his / her actions or choices also

reveal a lesson to us about living a virtuous life.

J.L & JD

Jesus' Way

Specific Examples

God has a purpose for everyone to fulfill, and he gave us Jesus as an example of this. Jesus roamed this earth for 33 years as an impeccable figure. Through Jesus, we discover the perfect way to live and love life. We see Jesus as the Messiah. However he was so much more. Jesus was a compassionate teacher, lover, and friend.

Jesus faced every situation and emotion anybody could go through during their walk of life. Through intuition and experience, Jesus demonstrates his extreme benevolence for dear life. Jesus teaches us an array of things, but his examples of love are the most important. Jesus states, “As the Father loved me, so I have loved you.” No matter what Jesus encountered, and no matter how many times he was betrayed, he consistently loved us. So much that He gave his life so that we could live on forever.

Every person should try to model their love, passion, and forgiveness after the way Jesus portrayed. God desires us not to be perfect, but to give effort to becoming a perfect person such as Jesus. Jesus also states “You, dear children, are from God and have overcome them, because the one who is in you is greater than the one who is in the world” (1 John 4:4). This quote explains the value your heart and your inclination perform God’s will.

A.H

What King David Teaches Us About Morality

Other Person

David as King teaches us the importance of humility and faith, along with the dangers of prejudice. He is a complete servant of the Lord.

J.L & AH

Appearance vs Potential

"But the LORD said to Samuel, 'Do not consider his appearance or his height, for I have rejected him. The LORD does not look at the things people look at. People look at the outward appearance, but the LORD looks at the heart." (1 Samuel 16:7)

Never Judge A Book by its Cover

J.L & AH

David was not a man who stood imposingly or with extreme elegance, but he would soon be king. Our outside appearance is not indicative of our potential or capabilities and as such one should never make about another person based solely on appearance. The weakest person may be the smartest.

1 Samuel 17:45-46

"David said to the Philistine, 'You come against me with sword and spear and javelin, but I come against you in the name of the LORD Almighty, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied.This day the LORD will deliver you into my hands, and I'll strike you down and cut off your head."

Faith Leads to Success

When David fights Goliath, his humility and faith in God lead him to victory. While Goliath mocks him, David remains calm and speaks only of his Lord, and soon wins the battle

J.L & AH

Papal Encyclicals and Their Teachings

Papal Encyclicals and their teachings

Research two (2) Papal Encyclicals and explain how they elaborate on the gospel message

in terms of how we should act virtuously in the modern world.

J.L & JD

Written by Pope John Paul II

J.D

Evangelium Vitae

The basis of this encyclical is to explain the dignity of each human being.

Every human is made in the image and likeness of God. This means that all humans are good. Things like abortion and euthanasia must be prohibited in the Catholic Church because it is killing god’s creation. This encyclical talks about Jesus dying on the cross to give us eternal life. Jesus died for all humans. This makes our life even more special because we know we are made in the image of God, and Jesus died to give us eternal life. The encyclical mentioned how martyrs will die because they believe in eternal life, and know that life on earth is nothing compared to life in heaven.

To sum it up, we need to know the importance of human life, and how we can live virtuously by preserving it, and realizing we are all equal under God.

Written by Pope Benedict XVI

Spe Salvi

This encyclical explains the importance of the virtue of hope. Hope is knowing we will have eternal life given to us by Jesus when he died on the cross. If we know we will have eternal life, this can drive a person to do the right thing in life. When it comes to suffering in life, people may have it a lot harder than others, which provides a challenge to maintain faith in God and hope for eternal life. Benedict also makes a statement about Hell, and how we are disconnected from God. This can be a result of faith, a lack of hope, and not being able to cope with suffering. In conclusion, it is important for Catholics to have faith in God, and hope in eternal life.

J.D

How to Obtain Holiness

*according to Catholicism and the Church

JD

Faith, Hope, and Charity

Theological Virtues

These virtues are given to us by God.

By possessing these 3 virtues, we can best reflect God's will.

Hope is not as in depth here because our hope stems from a full faith in God. Knowing that all this are moving in accordance to God's plan means that all things that happen to you are simply meant to aid you in some way or another. To have faith is to have hope.

J.D

Charity/ God's Love

Charity and

Love

Charity is the highest realization of God's everlasting love which is shown through any self-less sacrifice made in order to promote the happiness or well-being of others. To obtain the virtue of charity, you must respond to God's call to love your fellow human and cast aside all greed so that you may aid those who require it without hesitation or fear.

J.D

Faith and Trust

Faith

and

Trust

Faith is about more than just believing God; It is about believing in God.

Faith more than anything is a complete trust in God and His plan. It is the knowledge that God's plan and His will is the best possible path that you could take at any given moment.

“Faith shows the reality of what we hope for; it is the evidence of things we cannot see. Through their faith, the people in days of old earned a good reputation. By faith, we understand that the whole universe was formed at God’s command, that what we now see did not come from anything that can be seen.” -Hebrews 11:1-3, NLT

Justice, Temperance, and Fortitude

Prudence is the ability to always do what is right and be able to make decisions on things. Justice is promoting fair play between individuals. This means that there will be consequences for bad actions a person commits.

Temperance is restraining yourself from things that are bad, most commonly used example is alcohol. A person with temperance will restrain from drinking alcohol.

Fortitude is the ability to do the right thing even if you are having difficult times. If you are suffering, you should not make others miserable. Keep your head up and persevere, as well as support others around you.

Cardinal Virtues

Justice and Prudence

As humans we have the ability to make choices based on learned information and as such we are responsible for our actions. Because of this, we must act in ways that promote good not only for ourselves but others. Other wise there will be negative consequences for our actions or lack of actions.

Responsibility for Good

As responsible humans we must act in a way we know to be just by encouraging fair play among those around us.

Doing this requires fortitude and a righteous heart.

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